As it is explained by Gonzalez-Barrientos et al. (2010), Argentina has a long scientific tradition that has led three Argentineans to obtain Nobel Prizes: Bernardo Houssay, in Physiology and Medicine 1947, Luis Federico Leloir, in Chemistry 1970 and Cesar Milstein, in Medicine 1984. Obtaining one Nobel Prize in chemistry and two in medicine cannot possibly be viewed as accidental.

Nanoscience is the study of phenomena at the nanoscale, where materials have different properties from those presented in classical physics In the daily work of laboratories, science and technology are integrated giving birth to a common practice denominated Nanotechnoscience This field configures a complex practice that co-creates a market with expected social and economic benefits, while generating new and unknown risks, both in terms of human health and the environment This market is a sociotechnical network under which agents maximize their interests through economic calculations and where conflicts are solved through prices The benefits of nanotechnology could be traced across economic sectors, promising new solutions to social problems These aggregated promises, which are in permanent interaction with public policies, forge future expectations and put pressure on the process of allocation of national public resources, and shape the future of society in its whole Hence, it is crucial to involve society in the governance of the nanotechnoscientific network from its early developments in order to achieve social responsibility Experts, private companies, government agencies and society should be involved in an interactive process of responsible innovation, allowing a deliberative confrontation between different views and interpretations that would provide sustainable governance Following Actor Network Theory, investments in the nano market could be interpreted as one of the most important inscriptions and translations of network interactions Hence, it is crucial to develop tools to socially and economically valuate these investments, both from the point of view of private investors and from the governments While the traditional perspective on economic investments revolves around the notion of equilibrium and only offers actuarial assessment tools, the dynamic economic, social and political perspective of this thesis allows the integration of previously neglected social and environmental issues into a valuation framework that could be used by policy makers and investors This thesis contributes to the theory of techno-scientific governance by unpacking the nano-practice, its market and associated risks It examines how the nano-practice, its industrial dynamics and society interact to create a market with new risks and benefits After a demarcation and articulation of the concepts of sustainable nanogovernance and RRI responsible, this thesis evidences that the nanotechnology dynamics in Argentina is regulated by a de facto governance Even though the State steers the productive sector (through funding and regulation) to address social inclusion, its top-down perspective to policy making excludes society from the different stages of the decision-making process As a response to this finding, this thesis recommends the incorporation of a bottom-up public management approach that integrates the recognition of the centrality of the interactions between society and nature - allowing policy makers to work with and for society

Establishing a sustainable nanogovernance in Argentina. Nanotechnology with and for society

Nanotechnology in Argentina

Pathology of striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) infected with Brucella ceti.

Latin America (LA) can count some strong research centers with a tradition of research excellence in certain disciplines such as medicine and biology, nuclear technology, metallurgy and materials, among others. Latin American countries have generated networks of researchers across disciplines, centers, etc. within a country, and linking two or more countries in the region (e.g., Argentina-Brazil Bi-National Center for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, CABN). Additionally, collaborations have extended beyond LA, mainly to the EU and the USA. In general, these programs have been quite successful in the generation of interdisciplinary nanoscience and nanotechnology (N & N) research. The relation between academia and industry has been improving in the last few years, but it is still weak. In particular, funding incentives for N&N efforts have encouraged joint efforts and contributed to new dimensions in collaborations. This chapter reviews the state of nanoscience and nanotechnology in Chile, Brazil, Argentina and Mexico. Chile and Mexico. N&N has already impacted the global economy, and it appears to hold a large economic potential that is just emerging. This, in turn, is bringing together strong interest from governments, academia, industry and investors in the most developed countries and some fast growing economies (China, India, etc.). In fact, according to Lux Research (Lux DOI: 10.4018/978-1-61692-006-7.ch021 International Journal of Nanotechnology and Molecular Computation, 2(4), 38-76, October-December 2010 39 Copyright © 2010, IGI Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited. 2008), global funding in N&N during 2008 reached almost $20 billion with over 40% from governments, about 40% of corporate funding, and over 5% from venture capital contribution. Products incorporating nanotech reached over $240 billion with about 65% in manufacturing and materials, 25% electronics and IT and 10% in healthcare and life sciences. Lux predicts that nanotech will touch $3.1 trillion worth of products along the value chain by 2015. Latin America contribution to total investment and N&N products has been growing but still is quite small. For example, Latin American governments’ investment in N&N in 2006 reached just about $50 million (see Table 1). N&N is a truthfully interdisciplinary endeavor that requires the collaboration of several disciplines such as physics, chemistry, mechanical and electrical engineering, biology, medicine, etc. This, in turn, has fostered partnerships among researchers and practitioner from various fields of expertise either at the same facility (university, lab, etc.) or from different institutions in academia and industry. An important byproduct of the emergence of N&N is the strong enhancement of multidisciplinary collaborations, and LA has not been an exception. In the last few years, the requirement of this field and the steering of funding agencies have fostered the development of networks of researchers from different disciplines and institutions, focused around certain topics of N&N such as optical properties of materials, characterization of materials, biosensors, etc. Some of the efforts are involving two or more countries of the region. An example is the Argentina-Brazil Bi-National Center for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology (CABN). The Center organizes international workshops and N&N schools, promoting the cooperation between Brazilians and Argentinean groups. The study and characterization of nanoscale materials requires a broad range of approaches, materials and tools, and, in particular, of some expensive equipment such as atomic force microscope (AFM), scanning tunneling Table 1. Population, income per capita, R&D and N&N expenditure, Science and Engineering (S&E) and N&N articles and patents to residents, for Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico–compared against selected references Country Population in 2006 (millions) 2006 GNI per capita (thousands) 2006 R&D spending (as % GNP) Government spending (millions) N&N R&D (estimated 2006) S&E articles 2005 per million people Nanotech publications per million people (2005) Patents to residents per million people (2005) Argentina 39.1 11.7 0.41 2 79.0 4.6 4 Brazil 189.3 8.7 0.98 27-40 53.1 4.7 1 Chile 16.4 11.3 0.61 10 95.6 4.5 1 Mexico 104.2 12.0 0.40 12 37.8 3.9 1 Spain 44.1 28.2 1.11 50 422.5 35.3 53 China 1,311.8 4.7 1.44 220 31.9 7.5 16 India 1,109.8 2.5 0.85 106 13.3 1.6 1 Japan 127.8 32.8 3.15 975 434.0 48.5 857 USA 299.4 44.1 2.68 1,775 692.7 47.6 244 Source: Kay L. & Shapira P. (2009) GNI is the gross national income per capita at the Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) as defined by the World Bank. PPP exchange rates equalize purchasing power across different countries. The data has been compiled from various sources [Kay L. & Shapira P. (2009)] 37 more pages are available in the full version of this document, which may be purchased using the "Add to Cart" button on the product's webpage: www.igi-global.com/article/nanoscience-nanotechnologylatin-america/53351?camid=4v1 This title is available in InfoSci-Journals, InfoSci-Journal Disciplines Medicine, Healthcare, and Life Science. Recommend this product to your librarian: www.igi-global.com/e-resources/libraryrecommendation/?id=2

Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in Latin America

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Establishing a sustainable nanogovernance in Argentina. Nanotechnology with and for society

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Pathology of striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) infected with Brucella ceti.

Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in Latin America