Journal Article10.1016/J.PHYSBEH.2004.02.004
Motivation concepts in behavioral neuroscience.
TL;DR: Major motivation concepts are evaluated that have historic importance or have influenced the interpretation of behavioral neuroscience research, including homeostasis, setpoints and settling points, intervening variables, hydraulic drives, drive reduction, appetitive and consummatory behavior.
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About: This article is published in Physiology & Behavior. The article was published on 01 Apr 2004. The article focuses on the topics: Affective neuroscience & Behavioral neuroscience.
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TL;DR: A model of sodium depletion that is amenable to pharmacological manipulation is developed in order to determine whether the blockade of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors, which are critical for neural plasticity, will prevent the sensitization of sodium appetite.
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TL;DR: The molecular events associated with estrogenic action are partly elucidated, and the behavioral consequences of estrogen-dependent gene actions are beginning to be understood.
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Abstract: Preprint of Chapter in D. Kahneman, E. Diener, and N. Schwarz (Eds.), Well-being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1999. THE PRINTED VERSION WILL DIFFER SLIGHTLY. Pleasures of the mind are different from pleasures of the body. There are two types of pleasures of the body: tonic pleasures and relief pleasures. Pleasures of the body are given by the contact senses and by the distance senses (seeing and hearing). The distance senses provide a special category of pleasure. Pleasures of the mind are not emotions; they are collections of emotions distributed over time. Some distributions of emotions over time are particularly pleasurable, such as episodes in which the peak emotion is strong and the final emotion is positive. The idea that all pleasurable stimuli share some general characteristic should be supplanted by the idea that humans have evolved domain-specific responses of attraction to stimuli. The emotions that characterize pleasures of the mind arise when expectations are violated, causing autonomic nervous system arousal and thereby triggering a search for an interpretation. Thus pleasures of the mind occur when an individual has a definite set of expectations (usually tacit) and the wherewithal to interpret the violation (usually by placing it in a narrative framework). Pleasures of the mind differ in the objects of the emotions they comprise. There is probably a small number of categories of objects of emotions that we share with other mammals. I discuss two: the unknown (giving rise to curiosity) and skill (giving rise to virtuosity); two others being nurturing and sociality. There is also a uniquely human category of objects of emotion: suffering.
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The neural basis of drug craving: An incentive-sensitization theory of addiction
TL;DR: S sensitization of incentive salience can produce addictive behavior even if the expectation of drug pleasure or the aversive properties of withdrawal are diminished and even in the face of strong disincentives, including the loss of reputation, job, home and family.
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