Monochloro- and dichloroacetic acids as carbon and energy sources for a stable, methanogenic mixed culture

TL;DR: A stable methanogenic mixed culture was enriched from an industrial environment to utilize chloroacetate as sole carbon and energy source for growth and it immobilized spontaneously on activated charcoal and grew reproducibly on this carrier in a fluidized bed reactor when supplied with an anaerobic mineral salts medium.

Abstract: A stable methanogenic mixed culture was enriched from an industrial environment to utilize chloroacetate as sole carbon and energy source for growth. It immobilized spontaneously on activated charcoal and grew reproducibly on this carrier in a fluidized bed reactor when supplied with an anaerobic mineral salts medium. Substrate disappearance was complete. Methane, CO2 and chloride ions were con- clusively identified as the metabolic products and quantified. The growth yield from chloroacetate was about I g of protein/mol of carbon. The calculated degradation rate in the fluidized bed reactor was 0.2 to 0.8 mmol/1-h. The first metabolic intermediate from (2-13C)monochloroacetat e in portions of biofilm-coated carrier was shown by 13C_NM R to be glycolate, from which 13C02 and 13CH4 were formed. Glycolate was formed in an oxygen-insensitive hydrolysis, but its conversion to C02 and CH4 was strictly anaerobic and sensitive to inhibition by bromoethanesulfonate. Degra- dation of (1-14C)- and (2-14C)_chloroacetat e each yielded the same amount of (14C)-methane. We thus presume glycolate to be cleaved to CO2 and Ha, which were the substrates for methanogenesis. Dehalogenation was limited to chloro-, bromo-, iodo- and dichloroacetate. These four compounds and glycolate were utilized as the sole carbon and energy sources by the methanogenic mixed culture.