Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer's Disease.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on recent progress that highlights the crucial role of alterations in mitochondrial function and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, emphasizing a framework of existing and potential therapeutic approaches.
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Abstract: Mitochondria play a pivotal role in bioenergetics and respiratory functions, which are essential for the numerous biochemical processes underpinning cell viability. Mitochondrial morphology changes rapidly in response to external insults and changes in metabolic status via fission and fusion processes (so-called mitochondrial dynamics) that maintain mitochondrial quality and homeostasis. Damaged mitochondria are removed by a process known as mitophagy, which involves their degradation by a specific autophagosomal pathway. Over the last few years, remarkable efforts have been made to investigate the impact on the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) of various forms of mitochondrial dysfunction, such as excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial Ca2+ dyshomeostasis, loss of ATP, and defects in mitochondrial dynamics and transport, and mitophagy. Recent research suggests that restoration of mitochondrial function by physical exercise, an antioxidant diet, or therapeutic approaches can delay the onset and slow the progression of AD. In this review, we focus on recent progress that highlights the crucial role of alterations in mitochondrial function and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of AD, emphasizing a framework of existing and potential therapeutic approaches.
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Unveiling a New Cholinesterase Inhibitor Iridoid From <i>Verbascum uschakense</i> (Murb.) Hub.‐Mor.: In Vitro and <i>In Silico</i> Evaluation
Rabia Sena Mındız,Gulacti Topcu,Didem Şöhretoğlu,Suat SARI,Mehmet Ufuk Özbek,Çiğdem Kahraman,Rabia Sena Mındız,Gulacti Topcu,Didem Şöhretoğlu,Suat SARI,Mehmet Ufuk Özbek,Çiğdem Kahraman +11 more
Abstract: ABSTRACT Verbascum L., a member of the Scrophulariaceae family, is the second‐largest genus in Turkish flora. It is represented by over 250 species, many of which have been used as folk medicine. This study aims to determine the cholinesterase inhibitory potential of secondary metabolites of Verbascum uschakense (Murb.) Hub.‐Mor, an endemic species to Türkiye that has not been studied phytochemically before. Gluroside, an iridoid glucoside, was isolated from V. uschakense through acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity‐guided fractionation alongside four other iridoid glucosides: ajugol, harpagide, aucubin, and catalpol. Additionally, three phenylethanoid glycosides—verbascoside, martinoside, and forsythoside B—were isolated from the antioxidant fractions evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging activity. Gluroside emerged as the most active compound against butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) with an IC 50 of 2.5 ± 0.02 μg/mL, exhibiting selectivity over AChE (37.69% inhibition at 200 μg/mL). Molecular modeling predicted strong electrostatic interactions between the glucosides and the catalytic residues of BChE. This is the first report of the isolation of gluroside from a Verbascum species and its cholinesterase inhibitory activity, underpinning the importance of V. uschakense and its secondary metabolites as a new class of cholinesterase inhibitors.
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Resveratrol improves mitochondrial function and protects against metabolic disease by activating SIRT1 and PGC-1alpha.
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