Methods for investigating biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers: a review

Question

1. What have the authors contributed in "Methods for investigating biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers: a review" ?

2. What have the authors stated for future works in "Methods for investigating biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers: a review" ?

3. What are the common techniques used for the characterization of shape and size of micelles?

4. What are the main techniques used to obtain a purified product?

Accepted Answer

This review aims to compile information on different microbial screening methods, surface active products extraction procedures, and analytical terminologies used in this field.. In addition, the most common methods for purification, detection, and structure determination for a wide range of BS and BE are introduced.. A combination of various analytical methods are often essential in this area of research and a numbers of trials and errors to isolate, purify and characterize various surface active agents are required.. This review introduces the various methodologies that are indispensable for studying biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers.

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Future work, therefore, should be focused on the production of microbial surface active compounds using inexpensive carbon substrates with the highest yields possible, combined with cost effective downstream processing methods.

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Microscopic techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Cryo-TEM, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) are regularly used for the characterization of shape and the size of micelles.

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Techniques such as preparative TLC, dialysis, HPLC, mass spectrometry, column chromatography, ultrafiltration, and lyophilization are essential and have been proven to be efficient in obtaining purified products.

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Various developers such asorcinol, resorcinol, iodine, sulphuric acid, ninhydrin are used for detection of carbohydrate, lipid and protein.

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purification and precipitation of high molecular weight BS is carried out using ammonium sulphate, followed by dialysis to remove any small molecules.

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Other proteases can also be used to help determine the order of each peptide sequence in a protein structure through allowing overlapping portions of a sequence to be identified.

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By focusing on these areas, microbial surface active compounds would become more attractive as possible alternatives to commercial surfactants.

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Gel filtration chromatographic (GFC) techniques were also used for determination of the size and shape of nonionic surfactants such as polyoxyethylene nonyl phenols.

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Ionic charge (chromatography), solubility (water/organic solvents) and location (intracellular, extracellular, cell bound) ultimately determines the purification procedure for BS/BE to be extracted.

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Solvent extraction: Hydrophobic moieties of BS are soluble in some solvents which help in extraction and separation of crude product.

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A gravimetric method is also used to determine lipid content by weighing the pooled di-ethyl ether extracts of cell-free broth while another method introduced by Reddy et al. (1983) is also commonly used for quantification of lipids using standards such as cholesterol.

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Colorimetric assay for detection and quantification of glycolipids: Glycolipids are quantified by color development using the anthrone or orcinol test.

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Conventional methods such as solvent extraction, precipitation, crystallization, centrifugation and foam fractionation cannot be used when distillery wastewater is used as the nutrient medium for BS production by P. aeruginosa.

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A strong wetting agent is considered by the increase in spreading ability of a liquid over a surface area and the lowering of the contact angel of liquid surfaces to solids.

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The need to digest such large protein structure into smaller peptides of 6–20 amino acids is necessary to be able to use such individual peptides in the Edman degradation and MS/MS techniques to provide the information required to identify structure and piece together the full protein structure.

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These inverse micelles are proportionally less likely to form an increasing headgroup charge, since hydrophilic sequestration results in a highly unfavorable electrostatic interactions.

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the use of these pure carbon sources is extremely expensive; as a result other agricultural resources such as sunflower oil and soybean are becoming more suitable for use as more cost effective resources.

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The equilibrium structures of the micelles can be characterized via a combination of 1H NMR and laser light scattering (LLS) (Wang et al., 2007).

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This property also leads desorption of hydrophobic molecules from rock surfaces enhancing mobility and recovery and has application in oilfield chemistry.

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Chemical characterization of biosurfactants/ bioemulsifiers Various analytical methods namely, TLC, HPLC, IR, GC-MS, NMR, and FAB-MS are used to characterize BS/BE either individually or in combination and are listed in Table 2.

Methods for investigating biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers: a review

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Most frequently asked questions

1. What have the authors contributed in "Methods for investigating biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers: a review" ?

2. What have the authors stated for future works in "Methods for investigating biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers: a review" ?

3. What are the common techniques used for the characterization of shape and size of micelles?

4. What are the main techniques used to obtain a purified product?

5. What are the different developers used for detection of BS/BE?

6. What is the common method used for purification of BS?

7. What can be used to help determine the order of a peptide sequence in a?

8. What is the downside of focusing on these areas?

9. What techniques were used for the determination of the size and shape of nonionic surfactants?

10. What is the important factor in the purification of BS?

11. What is the way to extract BS from a fermentor?

12. What is the common method used for determining lipids?

13. What is the common method used for determining the color of glycolipids?

14. What are the methods used to extract BS from distillery wastewater?

15. What is the definition of a strong wetting agent?

16. What is the need to digest large protein structures into smaller peptides?

17. What is the effect of inverse micelles on electrostatic interactions?

18. What are the advantages of using pure carbon sources?

19. How can the authors determine the equilibrium structure of micelles?

20. What is the property of hydrophobic molecules?

21. What are the main methods used to characterize BS/BE?

Figures

Citations

Isolation, characterization, and application of biosurfactant by Klebsiella pneumoniae strain IVN51 isolated from hydrocarbon-polluted soil in Ogoniland, Nigeria

Surfactants tailored by the class Actinobacteria

Microbial biosurfactant mediated removal and/or solubilization of crude oil contamination from soil and aqueous phase: An approach with Bacillus licheniformis MTCC 5514

Recent Advances in Biomedical, Therapeutic and Pharmaceutical Applications of Microbial Surfactants.

Lipopeptide biosurfactant production by chitosan-immobilized Bacillus sp. GY19 and their recovery by foam fractionation

References

Protein Measurement with the Folin Phenol Reagent

A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding

Colorimetric Method for Determination of Sugars and Related Substances

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