Mechanism of Virus Attenuation by Codon Pair Deoptimization
Nicole Groenke,Jakob Trimpert,Sophie Merz,Andelé M. Conradie,Emanuel Wyler,Hongwei Zhang,Orsalia-Georgia Hazapis,Sebastian Rausch,Markus Landthaler,Nikolaus Osterrieder,Dusan Kunec +10 more
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TL;DR: It is shown that suboptimal codon pairs cause attenuation, whereas the increase of CpG dinucleotides has no effect, and that codon pair bias can be used to increase mRNA stability and protein production of synthetic genes in many areas of biotechnology.
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About: This article is published in Cell Reports. The article was published on 28 Apr 2020. and is currently open access. The article focuses on the topics: Codon usage bias.
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Citations
Development of safe and highly protective live-attenuated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates by genome recoding.
Jakob Trimpert,Kristina Dietert,Theresa C. Firsching,Nadine Ebert,Tran Thi Nhu Thao,Daria Vladimirova,Susanne Kaufer,Fabien Labroussaa,Azza Abdelgawad,Andelé M. Conradie,Thomas Höfler,Julia Adler,Luca D. Bertzbach,Joerg Jores,Achim D. Gruber,Volker Thiel,Nikolaus Osterrieder,Nikolaus Osterrieder,Dusan Kunec +18 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors constructed a series of live attenuated vaccine candidates by large-scale recoding of the SARS-CoV-2 genome and assessed their safety and efficacy in Syrian hamsters.
55
The Ongoing Quest to Crack the Genetic Code for Protein Production.
TL;DR: How advances supported by high-throughput analysis of synthetic gene libraries as well as by state-of-the-art biomolecular techniques further strengthen understanding of the gene expression process and how they can be harnessed to optimize protein production is discussed.
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An update review of globally reported SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in preclinical and clinical stages.
Hamid Motamedi,Marzie Mahdizade Ari,shirin dashtbin,Matin Fathollahi,Hadi Hossainpour,Amirhoushang Alvandi,Jale Moradi,Ramin Abiri +7 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed the different types of COVID-19 candidate vaccines that are currently being evaluated in preclinical and clinical trial phases along with advantages, disadvantages or adverse reactions, if any.
46
Development of Safe and Highly Protective Live-Attenuated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Candidates by Genome Recoding
Jakob Trimpert,Kristina Dietert,Nadine Ebert,Tran Thi Nhu Thao,Daria Vladimirova,Susanne Kaufer,Fabien Labroussaa,Azza Abdelgawad,Andelé M. Conradie,Thomas Höfler,Julia Adler,Luca D. Bertzbach,Joerg Jores,Achim D. Gruber,Volker Thiel,Nikolaus Osterrieder,Dusan Kunec +16 more
TL;DR: A series of live attenuated vaccine candidates were constructed by large-scale recoding of the SARS-CoV-2 genome, and assessed their safety and efficacy in Syrian hamsters: at no time could infectious virus be recovered from the lungs of infected animals.
44
Intra-genome variability in the dinucleotide composition of SARS-CoV-2
TL;DR: CpG suppression among coronaviruses does not differ between virus genera but does vary with host species and primary replication site (a proxy for tissue tropism), supporting the hypothesis that viral CpG content may influence cross-species transmission.
References
Reduction of the Rate of Poliovirus Protein Synthesis through Large-Scale Codon Deoptimization Causes Attenuation of Viral Virulence by Lowering Specific Infectivity
TL;DR: Direct analysis indicated a striking reduction of the specific infectivity of PV-AB-type virus particles, suggesting that codon-deoptimized viruses should have genetically stable phenotypes, and they may prove suitable as attenuated substrates for the production of poliovirus vaccines.
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Characterization of a Novel Influenza Virus in Cattle and Swine: Proposal for a New Genus in the Orthomyxoviridae Family
Ben M. Hause,Emily A. Collin,Runxia Liu,Huang Bing,Zizhang Sheng,Wuxun Lu,Dan Wang,Eric A. Nelson,Feng Li +8 more
TL;DR: Deep RNA sequencing, phylogenetic analysis, and in vitro reassortment experiments demonstrate that animal ICV-like viruses are genetically distinct from human ICV and suggest that bovine influenza virus warrants classification as a new genus of influenza virus.
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TL;DR: The identification of cellular constituents of influenza virions has important implications for understanding the interactions of influenza virus with its host and brings us a step closer to defining the cellular requirements for influenza virus replication.
Why is CpG suppressed in the genomes of virtually all small eukaryotic viruses but not in those of large eukaryotic viruses
TL;DR: Dinucleotide over- and underrepresentation is evaluated in all available completely sequenced DNA or RNA viral genomes, ranging in size from 3 to 250 kb (available RNA viruses fall into the small-virus category).
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Vaccine adjuvants: Understanding the structure and mechanism of adjuvanticity.
TL;DR: The uses of different adjuvants in vaccines including the ones used in FDA-approved vaccines and vaccines under clinical investigations are reviewed, with the aim of establishing structure-activity relationships (SARs) for designing more effective and safer adjuvant for both preventative and therapeutic vaccines.
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