Masked mycotoxins: A review
Franz Berthiller,Colin Crews,Chiara Dall'Asta,Sarah De Saeger,Geert Haesaert,Petr Karlovsky,Isabelle P. Oswald,Walburga Seefelder,G. J. A. Speijers,J. Stroka +9 more
TL;DR: The aim of this review is to give a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on plant metabolites of mycotoxins, also called masked mycot oxins, which are secondary fungal metabolites, toxic to human and animals, and their impact on stakeholders.
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Abstract: The aim of this review is to give a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on plant metabolites of mycotoxins, also called masked mycotoxins. Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites, toxic to human and animals. Toxigenic fungi often grow on edible plants, thus contaminating food and feed. Plants, as living organisms, can alter the chemical structure of mycotoxins as part of their defence against xenobiotics. The extractable conjugated or non-extractable bound mycotoxins formed remain present in the plant tissue but are currently neither routinely screened for in food nor regulated by legislation, thus they may be considered masked. Fusarium mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisins, nivalenol, fusarenon-X, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, fusaric acid) are prone to metabolisation or binding by plants, but transformation of other mycotoxins by plants (ochratoxin A, patulin, destruxins) has also been described. Toxicological data are scarce, but several studies highlight the potential threat to consumer safety from these substances. In particular, the possible hydrolysis of masked mycotoxins back to their toxic parents during mammalian digestion raises concerns. Dedicated chapters of this article address plant metabolism as well as the occurrence of masked mycotoxins in food, analytical aspects for their determination, toxicology and their impact on stakeholders.
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References
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TL;DR: Glycoconjugates of some mycotoxins were prepared by the phasetransfer catalyzed glucosylation procedure as mentioned in this paper, which proved to be a "masked mycotoxin".
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Franz Berthiller,Rudolf Krska,Konrad J. Domig,Wolfgang Kneifel,Nathalie Juge,Rainer Schuhmacher,Gerhard Adam +6 more
TL;DR: Deoxynivalenol-3-β-D-glucoside (D3G) was found resistant to 0.2 M hydrochloric acid for at least 24 hours at 37 °C, suggesting that it will not be hydrolyzed in the stomach of mammals as mentioned in this paper.
Validation of a candidate deoxynivalenol-inactivating UDP-glucosyltransferase from barley by heterologous expression in yeast
Wolfgang Schweiger,Jayanand Boddu,Sanghyun Shin,Brigitte Poppenberger,Brigitte Poppenberger,Franz Berthiller,Marc Lemmens,Gary J. Muehlbauer,Gerhard Adam +8 more
TL;DR: Evidence is presented that the product of the TaUGT3 gene recently proposed to encode a DON-detoxification enzyme of wheat does not protect yeast against DON, and four candidate barley glucosyltransferases, which are highly DON inducible, are tested.