Learning by Analogical Bootstrapping
TL;DR: The results show that carrying out comparison promotes greater insight into the common causal structure, but only when the comparison is intensive, and suggest that mutual alignment is an effective means of promoting insight.
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Abstract: Analogies are typically drawn from a well-understood situation to a situation that is poorly understood. In this research, we investigate a different route to analogical insight. We suggest that mutual alignment-that is, comparison between 2 partially understood situations-can act to promote comprehension and abstraction. We presented participants with 2 analogous scenarios depicting heat flow. They were given processing tasks that varied in the degree to which comparison was required. We then measured insight into the common structure in 3 ways. Participants were asked to (a) specify differences between the 2 pictured scenarios, (b) write scenario descriptions, and (c) rate the similarity of the 2 scenarios. The results show that carrying out comparison promotes greater insight into the common causal structure, but only when the comparison is intensive. The best results were obtained when participants were asked to jointly interpret the scenarios and to list specific correspondences. In a second experime...
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Citations
Learning and Transfer: A General Role for Analogical Encoding
TL;DR: In this article, the authors test an adaptation to case-based learning that facilitates abstracting problem-solving schemas from examples and using them to solve further problems: analogical encoding, or learning by drawing a comparison across examples.
Does comparing solution methods facilitate conceptual and procedural knowledge? An experimental study on learning to solve equations.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors randomly assigned 70 seventh grade students to learn about algebra equation solving by either comparing and contrasting alternative solution methods or reflecting on the same solution methods one at a time, and found that students in the compare group had greater gains in procedural knowledge and flexibility and comparable gains in conceptual knowledge.
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Dynamic Development of Action and Thought
Kurt W. Fischer,Thomas R. Bidell +1 more
- 01 Jun 2007
TL;DR: In this article, a dynamic structural analysis of human activity is presented, which provides a framework and tools for analyzing the variation and detecting the order in human activity, the dynamic organization of self-constructed, socially embedded skills and activities (actions, thoughts and emotions).
Qualitative differences between naïve and scientific theories of evolution.
TL;DR: It is suggested that the widespread and early-developing tendency to essentialize biological kinds precludes students from conceptualizing species as populations of individuals differentially affected by the environment.
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Learning Through Case Comparisons: A Meta-Analytic Review
TL;DR: The authors conducted a meta-analysis of 57 experiments with 336 tests and found that case comparison activities commonly led to greater learning outcomes than other forms of case study including sequential, single case, and nonanalogous, as well as traditional instruction and control.
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George Pólya
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