Open AccessJournal Article
Lead and children: clinical management for family physicians.
TL;DR: Family physicians have an important role in screening for children at high risk of lead exposure, and in educating families to prevent the exposure of children to lead.
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Abstract: OBJECTIVE To provide family physicians with a practical, evidence-based approach to screening for and preventing children’s exposure to lead. SOURCES OF INFORMATION MEDLINE was searched using terms relevant to lead exposure and poisoning. We reviewed English-language articles published in 2003 to 2008. Most cited studies provide level 2 or 3 evidence. MAIN MESSAGE Lead is a developmental neurotoxin. Children are most commonly exposed and they are most vulnerable. Lead exposure has been associated with many cognitive and motor deficits, as well as distractibility and other characteristics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Although children’s blood lead levels have declined considerably over the past 3 decades with removal of lead from gasoline and paint, children can still be exposed to lead from lead paint in older homes, toys, and other sources. Because post-exposure treatment cannot reverse the cognitive effects of lead exposure, preventing lead exposure is essential. CONCLUSION Family physicians have an important role in screening for children at high risk of lead exposure, and in educating families to prevent the exposure of children to lead.
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Citations
Colorimetric Assay of Lead Ions in Biological Samples Using a Nanogold-Based Membrane
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TL;DR: This cost-effective sensing system allowed for the rapid and simple determination of the concentrations of Pb(2+) ions in real samples (in this case, sea water, urine, and blood samples).
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E-Waste Informal Recycling: An Emerging Source of Lead Exposure in South America
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TL;DR: The average BLL among children and adolescents exposed to e-waste recycling, the most common additional source of lead exposure was the manual gathering of metals, which is higher than the BLLs currently suggested in medical intervention.
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Blood lead levels and enzymatic biomarkers of environmental lead exposure in children in Córdoba, Argentina, after the ban of leaded gasoline
S. M. Martínez,Lucio Esteban Simonella,Cristian Hansen,S. Rivolta,Liliana M. Cancela,Miriam Beatriz Virgolini +5 more
TL;DR: A substantial reduction in exposure to Pb in this pediatric population over a decade after Pb was restricted in gasoline is evidenced and the importance of pursuing novel biomarkers of toxicity along with the sociodemographic profile to complement Pb diagnosis is revealed.
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Intellectual Impairment in Children with Blood Lead Concentrations below 10 μg per Deciliter
Richard L. Canfield,Charles R. Henderson,Deborah A. Cory-Slechta,Christopher Cox,Christopher Cox,Todd A. Jusko,Bruce P. Lanphear +6 more
TL;DR: Blood lead concentrations, even those below 10 microg per deciliter, are inversely associated with children's IQ scores at three and five years of age, and associated declines in IQ are greater at these concentrations than at higher concentrations.
Low-level environmental lead exposure and children's intellectual function: an international pooled analysis.
Bruce P. Lanphear,Richard W. Hornung,Richard W. Hornung,Jane Khoury,Jane Khoury,Kimberly Yolton,Peter A. Baghurst,David C. Bellinger,Richard L. Canfield,Kim N. Dietrich,Kim N. Dietrich,Robert L. Bornschein,Tom Greene,Stephen J. Rothenberg,Herbert L. Needleman,Lourdes Schnaas,Gail A. Wasserman,Joseph H. Graziano,Russell Roberts +18 more
TL;DR: Environmental lead exposure in children who have maximal blood lead levels < 7.5 μg/dL is associated with intellectual deficits, and an inverse relationship between blood lead concentration and IQ score is found.
Association of prenatal and childhood blood lead concentrations with criminal arrests in early adulthood.
John Paul Wright,Kim N. Dietrich,M. Douglas Ris,Richard Hornung,Stephanie D. Wessel,Bruce P. Lanphear,Mona Ho,Mary N Rae +7 more
TL;DR: Prenatal and postnatal blood lead concentrations are associated with higher rates of total arrests and/or arrests for offenses involving violence, the first prospective study to demonstrate an association between developmental exposure to lead and adult criminal behavior.
Cognitive deficits associated with blood lead concentrations <10 microg/dL in US children and adolescents.
TL;DR: Deficits in cognitive and academic skills associated with lead exposure occur at blood lead concentrations lower than 5 microg/dL, and an inverse relationship between blood lead concentration and scores on four measures of cognitive functioning was observed.