Laguerre-Gaussian mode sorter.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a multi-plane light conversion scheme for large number of spatial modes in a scalable fashion, where the number of phase plates required scales with the dimensionality of the transformation.

Abstract: Multi-plane light conversion is a method of performing spatial basis transformations using cascaded phase plates separated by Fourier transforms or free-space propagation. In general, the number of phase plates required scales with the dimensionality (total number of modes) in the transformation. This is a practical limitation of the technique as it relates to scaling to large mode counts. Firstly, requiring many planes increases the complexity of the optical system itself making it difficult to implement, but also because even a very small loss per plane will grow exponentially as more and more planes are added, causing a theoretically lossless optical system, to be far from lossless in practice. Spatial basis transformations of particular interest are those which take a set of spatial modes which exist in the same or similar space, and transform them into an array of spatially separated spots. Analogous to the operation performed by a diffraction grating in the wavelength domain, or a polarizing beamsplitting in the polarization domain. Decomposing the Laguerre-Gaussian, Hermite-Gaussian or related bases to an array of spots are examples of this and are relevant to many areas of light propagation in free-space and optical fibre. In this paper we present our work on designing multi-plane light conversion devices capable or operating on large numbers of spatial modes in a scalable fashion.