Intrinsic disorder in scaffold proteins: Getting more from less
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TL;DR: It is concluded that ID can enhance scaffold function by a diverse array of mechanisms, and scaffold proteins utilize several ID-facilitated mechanisms to enhance function, and by doing so, get more functionality from less structure.
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Abstract: Regulation, recognition and cell signaling involve the coordinated actions of many players. Signaling scaffolds, with their ability to bring together proteins belonging to common and/or interlinked pathways, play crucial roles in orchestrating numerous events by coordinating specific interactions among signaling proteins. This review examines the roles of intrinsic disorder (ID) in signaling scaffold protein function. Several well-characterized scaffold proteins with structurally and functionally characterized ID regions are used here to illustrate the importance of ID for scaffolding function. These examples include scaffolds that are mostly disordered, only partially disordered or those in which the ID resides in a scaffold partner. Specific scaffolds discussed include RNase, voltage-activated potassium channels, axin, BRCA1, GSK-3β, p53, Ste5, titin, Fus3, BRCA1, MAP2, D-AKAP2 and AKAP250. Among the mechanisms discussed are: molecular recognition features, fly-casting, ease of encounter complex formation, structural isolation of partners, modulation of interactions between bound partners, masking of intramolecular interaction sites, maximized interaction surface per residue, toleration of high evolutionary rates, binding site overlap, allosteric modification, palindromic binding, reduced constraints for alternative splicing, efficient regulation via posttranslational modification, efficient regulation via rapid degradation, protection of normally solvent-exposed sites, enhancing the plasticity of interaction and molecular crowding. We conclude that ID can enhance scaffold function by a diverse array of mechanisms. In other words, scaffold proteins utilize several ID-facilitated mechanisms to enhance function, and by doing so, get more functionality from less structure.
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Citations
Classification of intrinsically disordered regions and proteins.
Robin van der Lee,Robin van der Lee,Marija Buljan,Benjamin Lang,Robert J. Weatheritt,Gary W. Daughdrill,A. Keith Dunker,Monika Fuxreiter,Julian Gough,Joerg Gsponer,David T. Jones,Philip M. Kim,Richard W. Kriwacki,Christopher J. Oldfield,Rohit V. Pappu,Peter Tompa,Peter Tompa,Vladimir N. Uversky,Vladimir N. Uversky,Peter E. Wright,M. Madan Babu +20 more
TL;DR: Characterization of unannotated and uncharacterized protein segments is expected to lead to the discovery of novel functions as well as provide important insights into existing biological processes and is likely to shed new light on molecular mechanisms of diseases that are not yet fully understood.
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TL;DR: This review describes the family of intrinsically disordered proteins, members of which fail to form rigid 3-D structures under physiological conditions, either along their entire lengths or only in localized regions.
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Intrinsically disordered proteins and intrinsically disordered protein regions.
TL;DR: This work presents several early examples and the mechanisms by which IDPs contribute to function, which it hopes will encourage comprehensive discussion of IDPs and IDP regions in biochemistry textbooks and propose future directions for IDP research.
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Classification of Intrinsically Disordered Regions and Proteins
Robin van der Lee,Robin van der Lee,Marija Buljan,Benjamin Lang,Robert J. Weatheritt,Gary W. Daughdrill,A. Keith Dunker,Monika Fuxreiter,Julian Gough,Joerg Gsponer,David T. Jones,Philip M. Kim,Richard W. Kriwacki,Christopher J. Oldfield,Rohit V. Pappu,Peter Tompa,Peter Tompa,Vladimir N. Uversky,Vladimir N. Uversky,Peter E. Wright,M. Madan Babu +20 more
- 09 Jul 2014
TL;DR: Uncharacterized and uncharacterized protein segments are likely to be a large source of functional novelty relevant for discovering new biology as discussed by the authors, which is likely to lead to the discovery of novel functions as well as provide important insights into existing biological processes.
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Introducing Protein Intrinsic Disorder.
Johnny Habchi,Peter Tompa,Peter Tompa,Sonia Longhi,Sonia Longhi,Vladimir N. Uversky,Vladimir N. Uversky +6 more
TL;DR: This paper presents a meta-anatomy of the determinants of Macromolećules Biologiques, a probabilistic framework for estimating the number of components in a Response to Enzymology.
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