Interpretation of OCT and OCTA images from a histological approach: Clinical and experimental implications.

Question

1. What are the contributions mentioned in the paper "Interpretation of oct and octa images from a histological approach: clinical and experimental implications" ?

2. What was used to track the changes in the nuclear and plexiform layers during retinal?

3. What is the way to analyze vascular leakage?

4. What is the role of OCT in the study of retinal diseases?

Accepted Answer

Optical coherence tomography ( OCT ) and OCT angiography ( OCTA ) have been a technological breakthrough in the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of many retinal diseases, thanks to its resolution and its ability to inform of the retinal state in seconds, which gives relevant information about retinal degeneration.. In this review, the authors present an immunohistochemical description of the human and mice retina and they correlate it with the OCT bands in health and pathological conditions.. Here, the authors propose an interpretation of the four outer hyperreflective OCT bands with a correspondence to retinal histology: the first and innermost band as the external limiting membrane ( ELM ), the second band as the cone ellipsoid zone ( EZ ), the third band as the outer segment tips phagocytosed by the pigment epithelium ( PhaZ ), and the fourth band as the mitochondria in the basal portion of the RPE ( RPEmitZ ).. Moreover, the authors describe how the vascular plexuses vary in different regions of the healthy human and mice retina, using OCTA and immunohistochemistry.

Accepted Answer

a nuclear marker, and antibodies against PKC- and bassoon were used in order to track the changes in the nuclear and plexiform layers during retinal degeneration.

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for the performance of vascular leakage or permeability analysis, fluorescein or indocyanine green should be used, because OCTA is unable to detect leakage.

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The use of animal models of retinal diseases is a key tool to understand the molecular mechanisms associated with pathology, or to test and develop new molecules with therapeutic potential.

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In the study of these animal models, OCT imaging could be a useful technique to analyze the specific bands that change depending on the different degenerative processes.

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OCT has become a useful tool in retinal pathology research with animal models allowing to measure retinal layers easily and harmless, without the sacrifice of animals, and performing precise longitudinal studies in a way not allowed by immunohistochemically analysis.

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One of the reasons of the scarce use of OCT in neuroprotection assays may reside in its limited resolution power, between five to 7 μm, and in its limited ability to reflect slight morphological changes.

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when comparing GCL thickness in OCT images, it is essential to make sure that measurements are taken at the same location in all subjects studied, as small variations in eccentricity may result in large variations in GCL thickness.

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In regard to the development of therapeutic strategies in retinal degenerative models, it may be concluded that only a sufficiently large change of the retinal thickness can be detected in vivo by OCT.

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In other cases, reactive Müller glia releases different factors like metalloproteinases that affect the endothelial tight junctions and provoke vascular leakage.

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Because of the thinness of the retina in this area, the motion of the large vessels from the superficial vascular plexus projects towards the outer retina, and consequently they are inaccurately represented and visualized in the OCTA images of the deep vascular46plexus (Fig. 9Q, S).

Accepted Answer

Although the ELM has not traditionally been considered as a part of the blood-retinal barrier, it plays an important role in maintaining the retinal structure, metabolism, and homeostasis.

Accepted Answer

In summary (Fig. 11E), the authors propose that the OCT bands in the outer retina of mice correspond to: the ELM, as the first hyperreflective band; the myoid zone, as the first hyporeflective band; ellipsoids, as the second hyperreflective band; RPE phagosomes at the apical zone, as the third hyperreflective band and the basal side of RPE, as the fourth hyperreflective band.

Interpretation of OCT and OCTA images from a histological approach: Clinical and experimental implications.

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Most frequently asked questions

1. What are the contributions mentioned in the paper "Interpretation of oct and octa images from a histological approach: clinical and experimental implications" ?

2. What was used to track the changes in the nuclear and plexiform layers during retinal?

3. What is the way to analyze vascular leakage?

4. What is the role of OCT in the study of retinal diseases?

5. What is the purpose of OCT imaging?

6. What is the role of OCT in retinal pathology research?

7. What is the reason why OCT is used in neuroprotection assays?

8. What is the importance of comparing the GCL thickness in OCT images?

9. how can oct be used to detect retinal thickness?

10. What is the role of reactive Müller glia in the development of vascular leakage?

11. Why are the plexuses in the OCTA images not recognizable?

12. What is the role of the ELM in the retina?

13. What is the corresponding hyperreflective band in the retina of mice?

Figures

Citations

Optical Coherence Tomography in Mouse Models of Retinal Degeneration

Imaging and quantifying ganglion cells and other transparent neurons in the living human retina

Imaging Retinal Nerve Fiber Bundles Using Optical Coherence Tomography With Adaptive Optics

Diurnal Time Course of Cone Photoreceptor Disc Shedding in the Living Human Eye

Cellular-Scale Imaging of Transparent Retinal Structures and Processes Using Adaptive Optics Optical Coherence Tomography.

References

Optical coherence tomography

Optical Coherence Tomography

The Retinal Pigment Epithelium in Visual Function

Retinal Vascular Layers Imaged by Fluorescein Angiography and Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

Müller Cells in the Healthy and Diseased Retina

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