Journal Article10.1007/S12035-012-8339-9
Insulin in the Brain: Sources, Localization and Functions
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TL;DR: This review summarizes the current status of knowledge of the peripheral and central sources of insulin in the brain, site-specific expression of IRs, and also neurophysiological functions of insulin including the regulation of food intake, weight control, reproduction, and cognition and memory formation and considers the neuromodulatory and neurotrophic effects of insulin.
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Abstract: Historically, insulin is best known for its role in peripheral glucose homeostasis, and insulin signaling in the brain has received less attention. Insulin-independent brain glucose uptake has been the main reason for considering the brain as an insulin-insensitive organ. However, recent findings showing a high concentration of insulin in brain extracts, and expression of insulin receptors (IRs) in central nervous system tissues have gathered considerable attention over the sources, localization, and functions of insulin in the brain. This review summarizes the current status of knowledge of the peripheral and central sources of insulin in the brain, site-specific expression of IRs, and also neurophysiological functions of insulin including the regulation of food intake, weight control, reproduction, and cognition and memory formation. This review also considers the neuromodulatory and neurotrophic effects of insulin, resulting in proliferation, differentiation, and neurite outgrowth, introducing insulin as an attractive tool for neuroprotection against apoptosis, oxidative stress, beta amyloid toxicity, and brain ischemia.
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Citations
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TL;DR: A critical analysis on new aspects of the interplay between HO-1 and insulin resistance is provided and on how the available lines of evidence could be useful for further comprehension of processes in AD brain is provided.
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Outcome of sub-acute insulin administration on long-term visuo-spatial and short-term working memory in mice
I.U. Yarube,Joseph Olusegun Ayo,R.A. Magaji,I.A. Umar,N.W. Yusuf,A W Alhassan,M.I.A. Saleh +6 more
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TL;DR: It was concluded, that sub-acute insulin administration did not affect long-term visuo-spatial memory and short-term working memory in mice.
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Sevoflurane-induced neuronal apoptosis in neonatal mice is prevented with intranasal administration of insulin.
Hengchang Li,Jian Li,Qian Yu,Chun-ling Dai,Jin-hua Gu,Shengwei Peng,Khalid Iqbal,Fei Liu,Cheng-Xin Gong +8 more
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Safety and efficacy of intranasal insulin in patients with Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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