Journal Article10.1007/S12035-012-8339-9
Insulin in the Brain: Sources, Localization and Functions
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TL;DR: This review summarizes the current status of knowledge of the peripheral and central sources of insulin in the brain, site-specific expression of IRs, and also neurophysiological functions of insulin including the regulation of food intake, weight control, reproduction, and cognition and memory formation and considers the neuromodulatory and neurotrophic effects of insulin.
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Abstract: Historically, insulin is best known for its role in peripheral glucose homeostasis, and insulin signaling in the brain has received less attention. Insulin-independent brain glucose uptake has been the main reason for considering the brain as an insulin-insensitive organ. However, recent findings showing a high concentration of insulin in brain extracts, and expression of insulin receptors (IRs) in central nervous system tissues have gathered considerable attention over the sources, localization, and functions of insulin in the brain. This review summarizes the current status of knowledge of the peripheral and central sources of insulin in the brain, site-specific expression of IRs, and also neurophysiological functions of insulin including the regulation of food intake, weight control, reproduction, and cognition and memory formation. This review also considers the neuromodulatory and neurotrophic effects of insulin, resulting in proliferation, differentiation, and neurite outgrowth, introducing insulin as an attractive tool for neuroprotection against apoptosis, oxidative stress, beta amyloid toxicity, and brain ischemia.
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Banxia-houpu decoction restores glucose intolerance in CUMS rats through improvement of insulin signaling and suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in liver and brain.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that Banxia-houpu decoction suppresses NLRP3 inflammasome activation and improves insulin signaling impairment in both periphery liver and brain regions in CUMS rats, possibly contributing to its anti-depressive effect with glucose tolerance improvement.
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Insulin signaling is acutely required for long-term memory in Drosophila
Daniel B. Chambers,Alaura Androschuk,Cory Rosenfelt,Steven Langer,Mark Harding,Francois V. Bolduc +5 more
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Critical cysteines in Akt1 regulate its activity and proteasomal degradation: implications for neurodegenerative diseases
TL;DR: Keeping the thiol status of cysteines 296 and 310 in Akt1 would be critical forAkt1 kinase activity and for preventing its degradation by proteasomes in neurodegenerative states such as PD.
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Brain Glucose Transporters: Role in Pathogenesis and Potential Targets for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease
Abstract: The most common cause of dementia, especially in elderly people, is Alzheimer's disease (AD), with aging as its main risk factor. AD is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease. There are several factors increasing the risk of AD development. One of the main features of Alzheimer's disease is impairment of brain energy. Hypometabolism caused by decreased glucose uptake is observed in specific areas of the AD-affected brain. Therefore, glucose hypometabolism and energy deficit are hallmarks of AD. There are several hypotheses that explain the role of glucose hypometabolism in AD, but data available on this subject are poor. Reduced transport of glucose into neurons may be related to decreased expression of glucose transporters in neurons and glia. On the other hand, glucose transporters may play a role as potential targets for the treatment of AD. Compounds such as antidiabetic drugs, agonists of SGLT1, insulin, siRNA and liposomes are suggested as therapeutics. Nevertheless, the suggested targets of therapy need further investigations.
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Towards a 'systems'-level understanding of the nervous system and its disorders.
Irfan A. Qureshi,Mark F. Mehler +1 more
TL;DR: A better definition of this underappreciated systems physiology will yield important insights into how nervous system diseases with systemic comorbidities arise and potentially identify novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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