1. What have the authors contributed in "Innovate to survive: the effect of technology competition on corporate bankruptcy" ?
This paper establishes a strong relation between technology competition and corporate bankruptcy.. Using detailed firm-level patent data the authors show that: 1 ) the capability of firms to innovate predicts future bankruptcies better than the typical measures such as Z-score and credit rating, 2 ) technology-related bankruptcies are less sensitive to the business cycle and industry success, and 3 ) firms that go bankrupt as a result of technology competition experience larger declines in earnings and stock prices.
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2. How much of the market capitalization of all listed industrial companies is technology-intensive?
The technology-intensive industries represent 30.4% of the market capitalization of all listed industrial companies, indicating that these industries account for a substantial part of the overall economy.
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3. What is the dummy variable for the bankruptcy predictor?
The regression also includes the three bankruptcy predictors: Z-score; a credit rating dummy variable that equals one if the rating is BB+ or lower (speculative-grade), and zero otherwise (investment-grade); and the KMV measure.
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4. What is the effect of technology competition on the ability of firms to predict future bankruptcy?
the ability of technology competition to predict future bankruptcy remains significant in the presence of common bankruptcy predictors, such as Z-score and credit rating, and even outperforms their predictive ability in technology-intensive industries.
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![Figure 1. Effects of Firm 1’s Innovation Ability and Leverage on its Bankruptcy Risk The figure shows the probability of Firm 1 to go bankrupt, }])(1[){( 21 iiiii DKAAKACP , for different values of its probability to innovate, 1P , and its leverage, 1D . The remaining parameter values are set to: 11 K , 5.01 C , 5.0 , 1 , 1 , and 5.021 PP .](/figures/figure-1-effects-of-firm-1s-innovation-ability-and-leverage-7dxs5det.png)

![Figure 2. Effects of Aggregate Innovation and Leverage on Firm 1’s Bankruptcy Risk The figure shows the probability of Firm 1 to go bankrupt, }])(1[){( 21 iiiii DKAAKACP , for different values of the probability of aggregate innovation, 21 PP (where the two firms have the same probability to innovate), and its leverage, 1D . The remaining parameter values are set to: 11 K , 5.01 C , 5.0 , 1 , and 1 .](/figures/figure-2-effects-of-aggregate-innovation-and-leverage-on-xoylxs5b.png)
