Innate immunity gone awry : linking microbial infections to chronic inflammation and cancer

TL;DR: This work has shown that tissue stress or malfunction induces an adaptive response that is intermediate between the basal homeostatic state and a classic inflammatory response, which is referred to here as para-inflammation.

TL;DR: There is persuasive clinical and experimental evidence that macrophages promote cancer initiation and malignant progression, and specialized subpopulations of macrophage may represent important new therapeutic targets.

TL;DR: How genetic evidence in mice has revealed complex roles for the NF-kappaB in inflammation that suggest both pro- and anti-inflammatory roles for this pathway is described.

TL;DR: Overactivated microglia can be detected using imaging techniques and therefore this knowledge offers an opportunity not only for early diagnosis but, importantly, for the development of targeted anti-inflammatory therapies that might slow or halt the progression of neurodegenerative disease.

TL;DR: It is shown that protective immunity mediated by Nod2 recognition of bacterial muramyl dipeptide is abolished in Nod1-deficient mice, providing a possible mechanism for Nod 2 mutations in CD.

TL;DR: It is shown that TNFalpha-induced ROS, whose accumulation is suppressed by mitochondrial superoxide dismutase, cause oxidation and inhibition of JNK-inactivating phosphatases by converting their catalytic cysteine to sulfenic acid, which results in sustained JNK activation, which is required for cytochrome c release and caspase 3 cleavage.

TL;DR: The importance of liver cell IKK-β in hepatic insulin resistance and the central role of myeloid cells in development of systemic insulin resistance are demonstrated and it is suggested that inhibition of Ikk-β, especially in myeloids cells, may be used to treat insulin resistance.

TL;DR: This review focuses on proteins that transduce the signals generated at TNF receptors to nuclear targets such as AP-1 and NF-kappaB, which are likely to be used by other members of the TNF family.