Information processing in microtubules.

TL;DR: It is argued that the degrees of freedom of the human brain that relate to cognitive processes should be thought of as a classical rather than quantum system, i.e., that there is nothing fundamentally wrong with the current classical approach to neural network simulations.

TL;DR: This paper proposes that aspects of quantum theory and a newly proposed physical phenomenon of quantum wave function “self-collapse” are essential for consciousness, and occur in cytoskeletal microtubules and other structures within each of the brain's neurons, and proposes Orch OR in brain microtubule, the most specific and plausible model for consciousness yet proposed.

TL;DR: In this article, the decoherence mechanisms likely to dominate in a biological setting were examined, and it was shown that a hybrid of the Penrose-Hameroff orchestrated objective reduction (orch. OR) model with a soliton in superposition along the microtubule can significantly increase the quantum coherence of microtubules.

TL;DR: The proposed Orch OR suggests that there is a connection between the brain's biomolecular processes and the basic structure of the universe, and it is concluded that consciousness plays an intrinsic role in the universe.

TL;DR: The majority of the colchicine-3H bound by tissue culture cells (KB or Hela) was found to be present as a noncovalent complex with a macromolecule which appears in the soluble fraction after homogenization.

TL;DR: Quenching of the tryptophan fluorescence of proteins was studied using oxygen concentrations up to 0.13 M, corresponding to equilibration with oxygen at a pres- sure of 1500 psi, and revealed no significant perturbation of the protein structure.

TL;DR: Two suggestions are made: that the mitochondria, by means of the relation between their enzymatic activity and ion transport, participate in the electrical phenomena about the synapse; and that the small synaptic vesicles provide the morphological representation of the prejunctional, subcellular units of neurohumoral discharge at the synapses demanded by physiological evidence.

TL;DR: Electron micrographs of outer doublet tubules from flagella have been analysed by methods which make use of the computed diffraction patterns of electron-microscope images, and a model for the whole doublet has been proposed.