Indole-3-Acetic Acid Is Synthesized by the Endophyte Cyanodermella asteris via a Tryptophan-Dependent and -Independent Way and Mediates the Interaction with a Non-Host Plant
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined a possible IAA biosynthesis pathway in Cyanodermella asteris and found that C. asteris synthesized IAA without adding precursors.
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Abstract: The plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is one of the main signals playing a role in the communication between host and endophytes. Endophytes can synthesize IAA de novo to influence the IAA homeostasis in plants. Although much is known about IAA biosynthesis in microorganisms, there is still less known about the pathway by which IAA is synthesized in fungal endophytes. The aim of this study is to examine a possible IAA biosynthesis pathway in Cyanodermella asteris. In vitro cultures of C. asteris were incubated with the IAA precursors tryptophan (Trp) and indole, as well as possible intermediates, and they were additionally treated with IAA biosynthesis inhibitors (2-mercaptobenzimidazole and yucasin DF) to elucidate possible IAA biosynthesis pathways. It was shown that (a) C. asteris synthesized IAA without adding precursors; (b) indole-3-acetonitrile (IAN), indole-3-acetamide (IAM), and indole-3-acetaldehyde (IAD) increased IAA biosynthesis; and (c) C. asteris synthesized IAA also by a Trp-independent pathway. Together with the genome information of C. asteris, the possible IAA biosynthesis pathways found can improve the understanding of IAA biosynthesis in fungal endophytes. The uptake of fungal IAA into Arabidopsis thaliana is necessary for the induction of lateral roots and other fungus-related growth phenotypes, since the application of the influx inhibitor 2-naphthoxyacetic acid (NOA) but not the efflux inhibitor N-1-naphtylphthalamic acid (NPA) were altering these parameters. In addition, the root phenotype of the mutation in an influx carrier, aux1, was partially rescued by C. asteris.
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Citations
Biosynthetic Pathways and Functions of Indole-3-Acetic Acid in Microorganisms
Jintian Tang,Yukang Li,Leilei Zhang,Jintao Mu,Yangyang Jiang,H. Fu,Yafen Zhang,Hai-Feng Cui,Xiaopeng Yu,Zihong Ye +9 more
TL;DR: This mini-review mainly summarizes the biosynthesis pathways that have been reported in microorganisms of IAA, including the indole-3-acetamide pathway, indole -3-pyruvate pathway, tryptamine pathway,tryptophan side chain oxidase pathway, and non-tryptophan dependent pathway.
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A bacterial chemoreceptor that mediates chemotaxis to two different plant hormones
TL;DR: It is shown here that an IAA metabolizing plant‐associated Pseudomonas putida isolate exhibits chemotaxis to IAA that is independent of auxin metabolism, the first report on a bacterial receptor that responds to two different phytohormones.
Interactions of fungi with non-isothiocyanate products of the plant glucosinolate pathway: A review on product formation, antifungal activity, mode of action and biotransformation.
TL;DR: In this paper , a literature review summarizes the current knowledge on the interaction of non-isothiocyanate products with fungi, including compounds including glucosinolates and their biosynthesis precursors.
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Plant Abiotic and Biotic Stress Alleviation: From an Endophytic Microbial Perspective
TL;DR: The role played by endophytes in plant development and their stimulating diverse mechanisms for tolerating diverse abiotic and biotic stresses in the host are focused on.
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TL;DR: In this paper , the interaction of silicon and soil microorganisms stimulates crop enhancement to ensure sustainable agriculture, which seems an opportunity for sustainable agriculture for series of crops and cropping systems in years to come, essential to safeguard the food security for masses.
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