Human estrogen receptor beta-gene structure, chromosomal localization, and expression pattern.
Eva Enmark,Markku Pelto-Huikko,Markku Pelto-Huikko,Kaj Grandien,Svetlana Lagercrantz,Jacob Lagercrantz,Gabriel Fried,Magnus Nordenskjöld,Jan-Åke Gustafsson +8 more
TL;DR: Data regarding the genomic structure and chromosomal localization of the human ERβ gene is presented, demonstrating that two independent ER genes do exist in the human and that this receptor is expressed in multiple tissues.
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Abstract: The estrogen receptor (ER) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that mediates the effects of the steroid hormone 17 beta-estradiol, in both males and females. Since the isolation and cloning of ER, the consensus has been that only one such receptor exists. The finding of a second subtype of ER (ER beta) has caused considerable excitement amongst endocrinologists. In this article, we present data regarding the genomic structure and chromosomal localization of the human ER beta gene, demonstrating that two independent ER genes do exist in the human. Furthermore, we present data regarding the tissue distribution of human ER beta, showing that this receptor is expressed in multiple tissues. For instance, ER beta is found in developing spermatids of the testis, a finding of potential relevance for the ongoing debate on the effects of environmental estrogens on sperm counts. In addition, we find ER beta in ovarian granulosa cells, indicating that estrogens also participate in the regulation of follicular growth in the human.
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Molecular pathways of oestrogen receptors and β-adrenergic receptors in cardiac cells: Recognition of their similarities, interactions and therapeutic value.
TL;DR: An up‐to‐date description of ERs and βARs is presented and functional synergism and interactions among these receptors in cardiac cells are demonstrated and promising therapeutic avenues that can be derived from the shared pathways are highlighted.
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Studies on estrogen receptor (ER) alpha and beta responses on gene regulation in peripheral blood leukocytes in vivo using selective ER agonists.
TL;DR: This study demonstrates that peripheral blood leukocytes are responsive toestrogens, and identifies genes that were commonly regulated by E2, PPT, andDPN, andgenesthat wereregulated either by the ERa or ERb agonist.
48
Hormonal regulation of estrogen receptor α and β gene expression in human granulosa-luteal cells in vitro
TL;DR: The demonstration of hCG- and GnRHa-induced down-regulation of ERalpha and ERbeta gene expression suggests that hCG and GnRH may contribute to the control of granulosa-luteal cell function.
Estrogen and gastrointestinal malignancy.
TL;DR: It is likely that, along with surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, hormonal manipulation will play an integral role in colon cancer management in the very near future.
48
Estrogen Receptor-α is a Key Mediator and Therapeutic Target for Bladder Complications of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Tristan M. Nicholson,Tristan M. Nicholson,Michael A. Moses,Kristen S. Uchtmann,Kimberly P. Keil,Dale E. Bjorling,Chad M. Vezina,Ronald W. Wood,William A. Ricke +8 more
TL;DR: Estrogen receptor-α but not β is a key mediator of bladder complications of benign prostatic hyperplasia and a potential target for future therapies.
48
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