Human estrogen receptor beta-gene structure, chromosomal localization, and expression pattern.
Eva Enmark,Markku Pelto-Huikko,Markku Pelto-Huikko,Kaj Grandien,Svetlana Lagercrantz,Jacob Lagercrantz,Gabriel Fried,Magnus Nordenskjöld,Jan-Åke Gustafsson +8 more
TL;DR: Data regarding the genomic structure and chromosomal localization of the human ERβ gene is presented, demonstrating that two independent ER genes do exist in the human and that this receptor is expressed in multiple tissues.
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Abstract: The estrogen receptor (ER) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that mediates the effects of the steroid hormone 17 beta-estradiol, in both males and females. Since the isolation and cloning of ER, the consensus has been that only one such receptor exists. The finding of a second subtype of ER (ER beta) has caused considerable excitement amongst endocrinologists. In this article, we present data regarding the genomic structure and chromosomal localization of the human ER beta gene, demonstrating that two independent ER genes do exist in the human. Furthermore, we present data regarding the tissue distribution of human ER beta, showing that this receptor is expressed in multiple tissues. For instance, ER beta is found in developing spermatids of the testis, a finding of potential relevance for the ongoing debate on the effects of environmental estrogens on sperm counts. In addition, we find ER beta in ovarian granulosa cells, indicating that estrogens also participate in the regulation of follicular growth in the human.
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Evidence of a lack of effect of a phytoestrogen regimen on the levels of C-reactive protein, E-selectin, and nitrate in postmenopausal women.
TL;DR: Data are suggested, suggesting neutral effects of phytoestrogens on CRP, E-selectin, and nitric oxide, fail to support a vasoprotective role of phYtoestrogen in postmenopausal women.
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Absence of estrogen receptor-alpha expression in human ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma compared with ovarian serous, endometrioid, and mucinous adenocarcinoma.
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TL;DR: Biologic characteristics that distinguish CCA from other types of ovarian epithelial cancer are indicated, including estrogen receptor-&agr; and ER-&bgr;, which were not detected in the three CCA cell lines.
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Carcinogenic effects of bisphenol A in breast and ovarian cancers (Review)
Mihai Cristian Dumitrascu,Cristian Mares,Razvan-Cosmin Petca,Florica Sandru,Razvan-Ionut Popescu,Claudia Mehedintu,Aida Petca +6 more
TL;DR: The present review supports the need for continuous research on BPA, considering its widespread use and most available data suggesting a carcinogenic effect of BPA on the female reproductive system, and argues that more studies should be conducted in vivo with humans to further promote understanding of the impact.
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Immunolocalization of estrogen receptor alpha and beta in gastric epithelium and enteric neurons.
TL;DR: The results suggest that estrogens may inhibit gastric acid secretion via genomic effects in fundic parietal cells through either ER subtype and in antral neuroendocrine cells via ER beta, and co-expression of ER alpha and ER beta in enteric neurons indicates that estrogenic effects could also be mediated through neurogenic reflexes.
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