Human estrogen receptor beta-gene structure, chromosomal localization, and expression pattern.
Eva Enmark,Markku Pelto-Huikko,Markku Pelto-Huikko,Kaj Grandien,Svetlana Lagercrantz,Jacob Lagercrantz,Gabriel Fried,Magnus Nordenskjöld,Jan-Åke Gustafsson +8 more
TL;DR: Data regarding the genomic structure and chromosomal localization of the human ERβ gene is presented, demonstrating that two independent ER genes do exist in the human and that this receptor is expressed in multiple tissues.
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Abstract: The estrogen receptor (ER) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that mediates the effects of the steroid hormone 17 beta-estradiol, in both males and females. Since the isolation and cloning of ER, the consensus has been that only one such receptor exists. The finding of a second subtype of ER (ER beta) has caused considerable excitement amongst endocrinologists. In this article, we present data regarding the genomic structure and chromosomal localization of the human ER beta gene, demonstrating that two independent ER genes do exist in the human. Furthermore, we present data regarding the tissue distribution of human ER beta, showing that this receptor is expressed in multiple tissues. For instance, ER beta is found in developing spermatids of the testis, a finding of potential relevance for the ongoing debate on the effects of environmental estrogens on sperm counts. In addition, we find ER beta in ovarian granulosa cells, indicating that estrogens also participate in the regulation of follicular growth in the human.
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Citations
Wild-type oestrogen receptor beta (ERβ1) mRNA and protein expression in Tamoxifen-treated post-menopausal breast cancers
P A O'Neill,Michael P.A. Davies,Abeer M Shaaban,Helen Innes,A Torevell,D R Sibson,Christopher S. Foster +6 more
TL;DR: The hypothesis that expression of ERα is an important determinant of breast cancer progression is confirmed, and it is demonstrated that ERβ1 may play a role in the response of breast cancers to endocrine therapy.
Disruption of the developing female reproductive system by phytoestrogens: genistein as an example.
TL;DR: The neonatal murine model may help address some of the current uncertainties since it is shown that many effects obtained from feeding genistin, the glycosolated form of genistein found in soy formula, are similar to those obtained from injecting Genistein.
108
Regulation of Progesterone Receptors and Decidualization in Uterine Stroma of the Estrogen Receptor-α Knockout Mouse
Takeshi Kurita,Ki-jun Lee,Philippa T. K. Saunders,Paul S. Cooke,Julia A. Taylor,Dennis B. Lubahn,Cida Zhao,Sari Mäkelä,Jan-Åke Gustafsson,Rajvir Dahiya,Gerald R. Cunha +10 more
TL;DR: This study suggests that up-regulation of PR in endometrial stroma is mediated through at least three mechanisms: 1) classical estrogen signaling through ERα, 2) estrogen signalingthrough ERβ, and 3) as a result of mechanical stimulation plus progesterone, which induces stromal cells to differentiate into decidual cells.
108
Molecular mechanisms, physiological consequences and pharmacological implications of estrogen receptor action.
TL;DR: This study revealed an increased risk for dementia and impaired cognitive function in the group receiving oral estrogen/progestin and additional clinical trials are required to determine which hormonal component causes these health risks or whether the effects were due to the combination of estrogen and progestin.
107
Estrogen and progesterone receptors in ovarian epithelial tumors.
Peter Lindgren,Stefan Cajander,Torbjörn Bäckström,Jan-Åke Gustafsson,Sari Mäkelä,Jan I. Olofsson +5 more
TL;DR: Epithelial cells in ovarian cancer tissue showed significantly lower mean immunoreactivity of ERbeta and PR, but not ERalpha, than in normal ovarian tissue, which may provide a rationale for the development of new diagnostic and possibly therapeutic strategies.
107
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