How does transcranial alternating current stimulation entrain single-neuron activity in the primate brain?
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that transcranial electrical stimulation, as typically applied to humans, affects the firing patterns of individual neurons in alert nonhuman primates, which are the best available animal model for the human brain.
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Abstract: In PNAS, Krause et al. (1) applied transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) in 2 macaque monkeys and measured the effect on neural entrainment in the hippocampus and basal ganglia. They delivered 2-mA tACS (4 mA peak-to-peak) through 2 scalp electrodes and measured average electric field strengths in the hippocampus and basal ganglia of 0.28 V/m in one monkey and 0.35 V/m in another monkey. They state that this setup gives a realistic model for human tACS, where the field on the neocortex may reach 0.8 V/m (2). Krause et al. (1) observed neural entrainment in the hippocampus and the basal ganglia and concluded that it was directly caused by …
[↵][1]2To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: myles.mclaughlin{at}kuleuven.be.
[1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
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Citations
A New Unifying Account of the Roles of Neuronal Entrainment
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Inferring Causality from Noninvasive Brain Stimulation in Cognitive Neuroscience.
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Modulating Human Memory via Entrainment of Brain Oscillations.
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Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS): from basic mechanisms towards first applications in psychiatry.
TL;DR: These results showed the ability of tACS to reset disturbed brain oscillations, and thus to improve behavioural outcomes, and could serve as a possible tool to determine the diagnosis, classification or prognosis of psychiatric disorders.
Integrating electric field modeling and neuroimaging to explain inter-individual variability of tACS effects.
TL;DR: The authors show that using functional and structural brain imaging along with electric field modeling can predict the effectiveness of stimulation, and directly link electric field variability to variability of tACS outcomes.
References
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John O'Keefe,Michael Recce +1 more
TL;DR: The phase was highly correlated with spatial location and less well correlated with temporal aspects of behavior, such as the time after place field entry, and the characteristics of the phase shift constrain the models that define the construction of place fields.
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Gyri-precise head model of transcranial direct current stimulation: Improved spatial focality using a ring electrode versus conventional rectangular pad
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Deep Brain Stimulation
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Entrainment of Brain Oscillations by Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation
Randolph F. Helfrich,Till R. Schneider,Stefan Rach,Sina Alexa Trautmann-Lengsfeld,Andreas K. Engel,Christoph Herrmann +5 more
TL;DR: The results reveal that 10 Hz tACS increases parieto-occipital alpha activity and synchronizes cortical oscillators with similar intrinsic frequencies to the entrainment frequency, highlighting the causal role of alpha oscillations for visual perception.
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