Journal Article10.1353/JOD.1998.0051
Horizontal Accountability in New Democracies
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on countries that do qualify as polyarchies, but have weak or intermittent horizontal accountability, which is no mean feat; even some countries that regularly hold elections fail to meet these criteria.
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Abstract: political competition that Dahl stipulates. 1 This is no mean feat; even some countries that regularly hold elections fail to meet these criteria. My focus here, however, is on countries that do qualify as polyarchies, but have weak or intermittent horizontal accountability. This description fits almost every Latin American case except Costa Rica, Uruguay, and (perhaps) Chile, and includes such long-established polyarchies as Colombia and Venezuela. It also describes such new Asian polyarchies as the Philippines, South Korea, and Taiwan, as well as the older Asian polyarchy of India. Finally, the description applies to a number of postcommunist countries that might qualify as polyarchies, such as Croatia, Russia, Slovakia, and Ukraine; and perhaps also to countries, such as the Czech Republic, Poland, and Hungary, which clearly are polyarchies.
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Constructing Social Theories.
TL;DR: Constructing Social Theories as mentioned in this paper presents a range of strategies for constructing theories, and in a clear, rigorous, and imaginative manner, illustrates how they can be applied, and argues that theories should not be invented in the abstract or applied a priori to a problem but should be dictated by the nature of the data to be explained.
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The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes: Structure, Principles, and Ideology
Mogens Herman Hansen
- 01 Jan 1974
TL;DR: Direct democracy in historical perspective evidence the Athenian Constitution down to 403 BC Athens as city state and as democracy the peoples of Athens the assembly of the people the laws and the Nomothetai the people's court the Magistrates the Council of Five Hundred the political leaders, Council of the Areopagos the character of Athenian Democracy as discussed by the authors.
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