Have Asian trade agreements reduced trade costs

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide new evidence on the incidence on services of tariffs levied on goods and then discuss effective rates of protection in a world of GVCs and what the removal of tariffs on intermediate inputs implies, using the example of Canada.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reviewed a number of academic papers concerning the structure and mechanics of production networks, the conditions for production networks and the properties and implications of such networks in East Asia.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed the evolution and current status of value chains and assessed alternative measures of their significance, and compared the value chains centred on North America, the European Union, and East Asia.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reviewed a number of academic papers concerning the structure and mechanics of production networks, the conditions for production networks and the properties and implications thereof, and tried to link various economic studies on related topics to see how much we understand about production networks in East Asia.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a geometric representation for the Bootstrap and the Jackknife, as well as an overview of nonparametric and Parametric Inference methods for estimating the error in Bootstrap estimates.

TL;DR: Statistical theory attacks the problem from both ends as discussed by the authors, and provides optimal methods for finding a real signal in a noisy background, and also provides strict checks against the overinterpretation of random patterns.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the dependence of transport costs on geography and infrastructure and found that poor infrastructure is an important determinant of transportation costs, especially for landlocked countries.

TL;DR: In this paper, a detailed accounting of the time-series pattern of shipping costs is provided, showing that the ad-valorem impact of ocean shipping costs was not much lower today than in the 1950s, with technological advances largely trumped by adverse cost shocks.