1. What are the contributions mentioned in the paper "Gravity wave dynamics and effects in the middle atmosphere" ?
In this paper, a review of gravity wave sources and characteristics, the evolution of the gravity wave spectrum with altitude and with variations of wind and stability, the character and implications of observed climatologies, and the wave interaction and instability processes that constrain wave amplitudes and spectral shape.
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![Figure 5. Three-dimensional study of gravity waves generated by convection in a mesoscale model with parameterized microphysics. (a) Vertical velocity patterns in a cross section in the vertical (z) and zonal (x) plane at y 250 km. (b) The x y cross section of vertical velocity at z 40 km. Also shown in Figure 5b are the surface gust front (arc-shaped solid line) and regions of strong latent heating in the troposphere (small solid contours). After Piani et al. [2000, Figure 4] (reprinted with permission of the American Meteorological Society.)](/figures/figure-5-three-dimensional-study-of-gravity-waves-generated-3ibiot0p.webp)
![Figure 23. Time series of wave momentum flux for wave amplitudes of various vertical velocities incident on a turning level. The turning level anticipated by linear theory is shown by the horizontal line in each panel. After Sutherland [2000] (reprinted with permission of the Royal Meteorological Society).](/figures/figure-23-time-series-of-wave-momentum-flux-for-wave-1c3ktlje.webp)
![Figure 22. Fastest growing linear instabilities as a function of wave amplitude and phase elevation angle. The dash-dotted line corresponds to the amplitude of overturning (a 1 in our terminology), and the dashed line represents the transition from oblique to shear-aligned instability and from shear to buoyancy as the dominant source of eddy energy. After Sonmor and Klaassen [1997] (reprinted with permission of the American Meteorological Society).](/figures/figure-22-fastest-growing-linear-instabilities-as-a-function-17tbf2sv.webp)
![Figure 11. Comparison of zonal mean gravity wave temperature variance in November from (a) LIMS (after Fetzer and Gille [1994], reprinted with permission of the American Meteorological Society) and (b) CRISTA filtered to reflect the same vertical resolution as LIMS (after Preusse et al. [2000]).](/figures/figure-11-comparison-of-zonal-mean-gravity-wave-temperature-3ncxidf2.webp)
![Figure 26. Zonal gravity wave momentum fluxes for 8-hour data segments during 3 days of large diurnal tidal winds over Adelaide, Australia. Note that peak momentum fluxes are 10 times mean values. After Fritts and Vincent [1987] (reprinted with permission of the American Meteorological Society).](/figures/figure-26-zonal-gravity-wave-momentum-fluxes-for-8-hour-data-3vnsqjzw.webp)
![Figure 15. Perturbation density illustrating the encounter of a small-scale wave packet with an inertiagravity wave of much larger scale. In this case, the small-scale wave has a horizontal phase speed 0.2 of the maximum of the inertia-gravity wave motion, no critical level trapping occurs, and both the vertical wavelength and horizontal phase speed of the small-scale wave increase dramatically. After Broutman et al. [1997].](/figures/figure-15-perturbation-density-illustrating-the-encounter-of-pxej1mr9.webp)