Open Access
Global Trends and Interactions With the HIV Epidemic
Elizabeth L. Corbett,Catherine J. Watt,Neff Walker,Dermot Maher,Brian G. Williams,Mario C. Raviglione,Christopher Dye +6 more
- 01 Jan 2017
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TL;DR: The authors in this paper reviewed data from notifications of TB cases, cohort treatment outcomes, surveys of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, and HIV prevalence in patients with TB and other subgroups.
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Abstract: BACKGROUND
The increasing global burden of tuberculosis (TB) is linked to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.
METHODS
We reviewed data from notifications of TB cases, cohort treatment outcomes, surveys of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, and HIV prevalence in patients with TB and other subgroups. Information was collated from published literature and databases held by the World Health Organization (WHO), the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (UNAIDS), the US Census Bureau, and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
RESULTS
There were an estimated 8.3 million (5th-95th centiles, 7.3-9.2 million) new TB cases in 2000 (137/100,000 population; range, 121/100,000-151/100,000). Tuberculosis incidence rates were highest in the WHO African Region (290/100,000 per year; range, 265/100,000-331/100,000), as was the annual rate of increase in the number of cases (6%). Nine percent (7%-12%) of all new TB cases in adults (aged 15-49 years) were attributable to HIV infection, but the proportion was much greater in the WHO African Region (31%) and some industrialized countries, notably the United States (26%). There were an estimated 1.8 million (5th-95th centiles, 1.6-2.2 million) deaths from TB, of which 12% (226 000) were attributable to HIV. Tuberculosis was the cause of 11% of all adult AIDS deaths. The prevalence of M tuberculosis-HIV coinfection in adults was 0.36% (11 million people). Coinfection prevalence rates equaled or exceeded 5% in 8 African countries. In South Africa alone there were 2 million coinfected adults.
CONCLUSIONS
The HIV pandemic presents a massive challenge to global TB control. The prevention of HIV and TB, the extension of WHO DOTS programs, and a focused effort to control HIV-related TB in areas of high HIV prevalence are matters of great urgency.
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Citations
•Journal Article
Presentations of tuberculosis in northern Pakistan.
TL;DR: Tuberculosis in its various forms remains a killer disease in the authors' part of the world which is probably due to three major factors namely poor hygienic practices, late diagnosis and non-compliance.
•Journal Article
Two-Component Systems of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as potential targets for drug development
TL;DR: The current knowledge of the TCSs of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is reviewed, discussing their role in bacterial pathogenesis and virulence, and paying special attention to the DosS/DosT/DrosR TCS, emphasizing its importance in latent tuberculosis development.
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•Dissertation
Estimating Risk Determinants of HIV and TB in South Africa
Thembile Mzolo
- 01 Jan 2009
TL;DR: The results showed that HIV is driven by sex, age, race, education, health and condom use at sexual debut, and the positive correlation found at an enumerator area level for both HIV and TB indicates that interventions should be aimed at an area level rather than at the individual level.
SIV increases susceptibility to tuberculosis by manipulating M. tuberculosis-specific immunological responses
Collin R. Diedrich
- 06 Mar 2012
TL;DR: An SIV/TB cynomolgus macaque model, multiple in vitro and ex vivo assays to examine how HIV induces reactivation of latent TB and how HIV reduces various M. tuberculosis-specific immunological responses, and provides novel evidence for the increased susceptibility of TB in HIV-infected individuals.
6
Pulmonary Tuberculosis among HIV/AIDS Patients: Chest X-ray Characteristics
Majid Darraj
- 01 Mar 2020
TL;DR: Chest X-ray findings in areas with a high prevalence of HIV-related TB necessitates interpreters to be provided with HIV status and the degree of immunosuppression, and typical radiological finding was found to be closely related to the immunological status.
6
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