What is the benefit of the object-specific map projections?

The benefit of the object-specific map projections is that they can be defined in such a way that the distance from the central meridian or central line to the relevant geometries is minimized.

What is the way to minimize scale distortions in the area of the project?

A solution for such projects that is used today is to create an object-specific map projection that minimizes scale distortions in the area of the project.

What are the attributes that can be used to define a specific UTM zone?

There are two additional attributes, MapProjection and MapZone, that can be used to define a map projection such as a specific UTM zone.

What are the constraints for the local ellipsoid?

The local ellipsoid is created with the following two constraints: i) the normal vector at the origin of the engineering system should be the same on both the reference and the local ellipsoid and ii) the distance between the two ellipsoids along the normal vector should be equal to the project height.

How is the scale distortion calculated for each method?

The scale distortion for each method is calculated in the following manner:1. A horizontal grid of equally spaced points is created in the engineering system.

What is the height of a reference ellipsoid?

For a reference ellipsoid, the height h of a point P is defined as the distance between P and the surface of the ellipsoid along the ellipsoidal normal.

Open AccessJournal Article10.1016/J.AUTCON.2018.10.014

Geographic capabilities and limitations of Industry Foundation Classes

Gustaf Uggla, +1 more

- 01 Dec 2018

- Automation in Construction

- Vol. 96, pp 554-566

TL;DR: Infrastructure design is conducted in a 3D Cartesian coordinate system with the assumption that the Earth is flat and that the scale is constant over the entire project area.

About: This article is published in Automation in Construction. The article was published on 01 Dec 2018. and is currently open access. The article focuses on the topics: Industry Foundation Classes & Map projection.

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1. What contributions have the authors mentioned in the paper "Geographic capabilities and limitations of industry foundation classes" ?

Infrastructure design is conducted in a 3D Cartesian coordinate system with the assumption that the Earth is flat and that the scale is constant over the entire project area.. The scale in a map projection varies depending on the position in the map plane, which leads to scale distortions between the designed geometries and the geometries staked out for construction.. This study tests whether the current IFC standard can facilitate georeferencing with sufficiently low distortion for the construction of infrastructure.. This is done by performing georeferencing using three different methods, all using the information provided in the IFC schema, and by calculating the scale distortions caused by the different methods.. It is concluded that the geographic capabilities of the IFC schema could be improved by adding a separate scale factor for the horizontal plane and support for object-specific map projections.

2. What is the way to reduce scale distortion for large construction projects?

The scale distortion for large longitudinal construction projects that are designed in the IFC format could be reduced by adding support for object-specific map projections, a separate scale factor for the (x, y)-plane, and possibly also support for residual models such as the ones used by SnakeGrid.

3. What is the way to create an optimum projection zone for a large longitudinal project?

The use of both object-specific map projections and a separate scale factor for the (x, y)-plane would make it possible to create an optimum projection zone for a large longitudinal project.

4. What is the way to reduce scale distortion for a large longitudinal project?

To further reduce scale distortion for a geometry deviating horizontally and vertically from the central line of a map projection, it would be necessary to use a residual model to compensate for the local variations.

Figure 12: A right triangle with legs of equal length a. One leg is tangent to a line passing through the origin of the engineering system.

Figure 3: The relationship between three distances at varying heights above the reference ellipsoid – d3 in the terrain, d2 in the cartographic plane, and d1 on the surface of the reference ellipsoid. d1 is always shorter than d3 if the terrain is above the reference ellipsoid. d1 is equal to d2 if both are tangent to the central meridian and d1 gets shorter in comparison to d2 with increasing distance to the central meridian. The map projection in this figure is a transverse Mercator, but the concept holds true for other types of map projections as well.

Figure 8: Visualization of Method 3. φ is the latitude of the origin of the engineering system, and d is the horizontal distance in the engineering system from the origin to point P . hp is the project height, and u is the height of point P relative to the origin of the engineering system. P ′ is the georeferenced point P , and h is its height above the reference ellipsoid.

Figure 7: Visualization of Method 2. Points P1 and P2 have the coordinates (e, n, 0) and (e, n, u) but they are both given latitude and longitude as if they were located at (e, n, 0). The height above the reference ellipsoid is set to the sum of the project height and their u-coordinates giving the points P ′1 and P ′2 with the coordinates (φ, λ, hp) and (φ, λ, hp + u).

Figure 14: Illustration of the relative change in the geometry of a circle caused by the different georeferencing methods. The dotted line on the right side is the initial shape of the circle and the solid line is the georeferenced shape. Scale and magnitude are not considered.

Figure 13: Relative magnitude of the scale distortion in different directions for Method 1 in blue, Method 2 in red, and Method 3 in green. Values along the x -axis and y-axis indicate coordinates in the engineering system in kilometers.

Citations

•Journal Article•10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3007206

Integration of Industry 4.0 Related Technologies in Construction Industry: A Framework of Cyber-Physical System

Zhijia You, +1 more

- 06 Jul 2020

- IEEE Access

TL;DR: This study presents a framework of a cyber–physical system to integrate these technologies and improve the overall capabilities of construction organization and management and introduces a case study of the Xiong’an citizen service center.

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Integrating BIM with building performance analysis in project life-cycle

Ruoyu Jin, +4 more

- 01 Oct 2019

- Automation in Construction

TL;DR: This study contributes to existing research by identifying key input attributes and workflow in BPA, reviewing the state-of-the-art research on BIM integration with B PA, and investigating the major research areas, namely, interoperability issues in BIM-enabled BPA within the context of life-cycle BPA.

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BIM/GIS data integration from the perspective of information flow

Junxiang Zhu, +1 more

- 01 Apr 2022

- Automation in Construction

TL;DR: In this paper , a comprehensive, systematic review on data-level BIM/GIS integration from the perspective of information flow is presented, which includes a unified framework that incorporates all data processing tasks for BIM and GIS data integration.

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Opportunities and challenges for GeoBIM in Europe: developing a building permits use-case to raise awareness and examine technical interoperability challenges

Francesca Noardo, +6 more

- 03 May 2020

- Journal of Spatial Science

TL;DR: A high-level harmonised workflow envisaging the use of GeoBIM information for automating the planning permits process is proposed, to help bridging the gap between theory and practice.

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Tools for BIM-GIS Integration (IFC Georeferencing and Conversions): Results from the GeoBIM Benchmark 2019

Francesca Noardo, +15 more

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TL;DR: In the part of the benchmark described in this paper, the application of georeferencing to Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) models and making consistent conversions between 3D city models and BIM are investigated, considering the OGC CityGML and buildingSMART IFC as reference standards.

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References

•Book

BIM Handbook: A Guide to Building Information Modeling for Owners, Managers, Designers, Engineers and Contractors

Charles M. Eastman, +3 more

- 03 Mar 2008

TL;DR: The Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a new approach to design, construction, and facility management in which a digital representation of the building process is used to facilitate the exchange and interoperability of information in digital format as mentioned in this paper.

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•Journal Article•10.1016/J.AUTCON.2008.10.003

Building information modelling framework: A research and delivery foundation for industry stakeholders

Bilal Succar, +1 more

- 01 May 2009

- Automation in Construction

TL;DR: This paper explores some of the publicly available international guidelines and introduces the BIM Framework, a research and delivery foundation for industry stakeholders, and identifies and deploys visual knowledge models and a specialised ontology to represent domain concepts and their relations.

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Map Projections: A Working Manual

John P. Snyder

- 31 Oct 2012

TL;DR: The approach to map projections in which maps are made (using geometric principles from a sphere Snyder JP (1987) Map projections: a working manual.

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gnss-global-navigation-satellite-systems

Bernhard Hofmann-Wellenhof, +2 more

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Book Chapter•10.1007/978-3-540-87395-2_2

Representing and Exchanging 3D City Models with CityGML

Thomas H. Kolbe

- 01 Jan 2009

TL;DR: The paper gives an overview about CityGML, its modelling aspects and design decisions, recent applications, and its relation to other 3D standards like IFC, X3D, and KML.

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Geographic capabilities and limitations of Industry Foundation Classes

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AI Agents for this Paper

Most frequently asked questions

1. What contributions have the authors mentioned in the paper "Geographic capabilities and limitations of industry foundation classes" ?

2. What is the way to reduce scale distortion for large construction projects?

3. What is the way to create an optimum projection zone for a large longitudinal project?

4. What is the way to reduce scale distortion for a large longitudinal project?

5. What is the benefit of the object-specific map projections?

6. What is the way to minimize scale distortions in the area of the project?

7. What are the attributes that can be used to define a specific UTM zone?

8. What are the constraints for the local ellipsoid?

9. How is the scale distortion calculated for each method?

10. What is the height of a reference ellipsoid?

Figures

Citations

Integration of Industry 4.0 Related Technologies in Construction Industry: A Framework of Cyber-Physical System

Integrating BIM with building performance analysis in project life-cycle

BIM/GIS data integration from the perspective of information flow

Opportunities and challenges for GeoBIM in Europe: developing a building permits use-case to raise awareness and examine technical interoperability challenges

Tools for BIM-GIS Integration (IFC Georeferencing and Conversions): Results from the GeoBIM Benchmark 2019

References

BIM Handbook: A Guide to Building Information Modeling for Owners, Managers, Designers, Engineers and Contractors

Building information modelling framework: A research and delivery foundation for industry stakeholders

Map Projections: A Working Manual

gnss-global-navigation-satellite-systems

Representing and Exchanging 3D City Models with CityGML

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