Gene-for-gene relationship in the host–pathogen system Malus × robusta 5–Erwinia amylovora
Isabelle Vogt,Thomas Wöhner,Klaus Richter,Henryk Flachowsky,George W. Sundin,Annette Wensing,Elizabeth A. Savory,Klaus Geider,Brad Day,Magda-Viola Hanke,Andreas Peil +10 more
TL;DR: The data are suggestive of a gene-for-gene relationship for the host-pathogen system Mr5 and E. amylovora, similar to the interaction of RPS2 from A. thaliana and AvrRpt2 from P. syringae with RIN4 as guard.
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Abstract: Summary
Fire blight is a destructive bacterial disease caused by Erwinia amylovora affecting plants in the family Rosaceae, including apple. Host resistance to fire blight is present mainly in accessions of Malus spp. and is thought to be quantitative in this pathosystem.
In this study we analyzed the importance of the E. amylovora effector avrRpt2EA, a homolog of Pseudomonas syringae avrRpt2, for resistance of Malus × robusta 5 (Mr5).
The deletion mutant E. amylovora Ea1189ΔavrRpt2EA was able to overcome the fire blight resistance of Mr5. One single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), resulting in an exchange of cysteine to serine in the encoded protein, was detected in avrRpt2EA of several Erwinia strains differing in virulence to Mr5. E. amylovora strains encoding serine (S-allele) were able to overcome resistance of Mr5, whereas strains encoding cysteine (C-allele) were not. Allele specificity was also observed in a coexpression assay with Arabidopsis thaliana RIN4 in Nicotiana benthamiana. A homolog of RIN4 has been detected and isolated in Mr5.
These results suggest a system similar to the interaction of RPS2 from A. thaliana and AvrRpt2 from P. syringae with RIN4 as guard. Our data are suggestive of a gene-for-gene relationship for the host–pathogen system Mr5 and E. amylovora.
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Citations
Development of the First Cisgenic Apple with Increased Resistance to Fire Blight.
Thomas D. Kost,Cesare Gessler,Melanie Jänsch,Henryk Flachowsky,Andrea Patocchi,Giovanni A. L. Broggini +5 more
TL;DR: This is, to the authors' knowledge, the first prototype of a cisgenic apple with increased resistance to fire blight, and a single insertion of T-DNA into the genome of 'Gala Galaxy' in chromosome 16 was identified.
Engineering fire blight resistance into the apple cultivar 'Gala' using the FB_MR5 CC-NBS-LRR resistance gene of Malus × robusta 5.
Giovanni A. L. Broggini,Thomas Wöhner,Johannes Fahrentrapp,Thomas D. Kost,Henryk Flachowsky,Andreas Peil,Maria-Viola Hanke,Klaus Richter,Andrea Patocchi,Cesare Gessler +9 more
TL;DR: The ability of a single gene isolated from the native gene pool of apple to protect a susceptible cultivar from fire blight was demonstrated and this gene is confirmed to be the resistance determinant of Mr5.
86
Identification of a major quantitative trait locus for resistance to fire blight in the wild apple species Malus fusca
Ofere Francis Emeriewen,Klaus Richter,Andrzej Kilian,E. Zini,Magda-Viola Hanke,Mickael Malnoy,Andreas Peil +6 more
TL;DR: This is the first report on a fire blight resistance QTL of M. fusca, a segregating population derived from a cross between the wild apple species Malusfusca and the M. × domestica cultivar Idared.
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Fire Blight Control: The Struggle Goes On. A Comparison of Different Fire Blight Control Methods in Switzerland with Respect to Biosafety, Efficacy and Durability
TL;DR: It can be concluded that the FB control measures currently applied in Switzerland are safe for consumers, workers and the environment, but there are several gaps in knowledge of the human health and environmental impacts analyzed.
A host target of a bacterial cysteine protease virulence effector plays a key role in convergent evolution of plant innate immune system receptors
Maxim Prokchorchik,Maxim Prokchorchik,Sera Choi,Eui Hwan Chung,Kyungho Won,Jeffery L. Dangl,Kee Hoon Sohn +6 more
TL;DR: The mechanism of AvrRpt2 recognition by independently evolved NLRs, MR5 from apple and RPS2, both of which require proteolytically processed RIN4 for activation are reported and two polymorphic residues in AtRIN4 and MdRin4 that are crucial in the regulation of and physical association with NLRs are identified.
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