Functional tics and echophenomena
TL;DR: The case of a young female patient with a functional tic disorder and abnormal stimulustriggered behaviors with striking echophenomena is described, who developed jerky movements at the age of 16 and developed an uncontrollable impulse to repeat other people's words or actions several times, for up to hours.
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About: This article is published in Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. The article was published on 01 Dec 2014. and is currently open access. The article focuses on the topics: Tics.
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Citations
Tics and functional tic-like movements: Can we tell them apart?
Christos Ganos,Davide Martino,Alberto J. Espay,Anthony E. Lang,Kailash P. Bhatia,Mark J. Edwards +5 more
TL;DR: The overlap of current behavioral treatments for tics and functional tic-like movements is discussed and implications of diagnostic mislabeling are emphasized, including the need to tailor behavioral treatment approaches to individual phenomenological profiles and guiding decision making for severe patients requiring invasive interventions, such as deep brain stimulation.
Cranial functional (psychogenic) movement disorders
TL;DR: Understanding of the differential diagnosis, which is broad and includes many organic causes (eg, stroke), is essential to make an early and accurate diagnosis to prevent complications and initiate appropriate management.
Diagnosis and Management of Functional Tic-Like Phenomena
Irene A. Malaty,Seonaid M. Anderson,Shannon M. Bennett,Cathy L. Budman,Barbara J. Coffey,Keith A. Coffman,Erica Greenberg,Joseph F. McGuire,Kirsten R. Müller-Vahl,Michael S. Okun,Julio Quezada,Amy Robichaux-Viehoever,Kevin Black +12 more
TL;DR: This paper reviewed and summarized the literature relevant to distinguish the two, with recommendations to clinicians for diagnosis and management, highlighting areas for future emphasis and research, and highlighted areas to be highlighted.
The Rise of Functional Tic-Like Behaviors: What Do the COVID-19 Pandemic and Social Media Have to Do With It? A Narrative Review
TL;DR: A narrative review of the literature on chronic tic disorders, functional tics, and mass functional illness with particular focus on the key distinguishing features, role of social media, and the role of COVID-19 is provided.
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Functional tic‐like behaviors: a common comorbidity in patients with Tourette syndrome
Kirsten R. Müller‐Vahl,Anna Pisarenko,Carolin Fremer,Martina Haas,Ewgeni Jakubovski,Natalia Szejko +5 more
TL;DR: It can be assumed that FTB is a common comorbidity in TS, similar to functional overlay in other movement disorders and epilepsy, and before classifying a patient as suffering from treatment resistant TS, FTB should be ruled out.
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References
The clinical features of psychogenic movement disorders resembling tics
TL;DR: Movements resembling tics are observed in a small proportion of patients with PMDs, and clinical features can help to differentiate them from organic tics.
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The pathophysiology of echopraxia/echolalia: Relevance to Gilles De La Tourette syndrome†‡
TL;DR: Although echophenomena have been acknowledged as a typical sign in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome since its first description, their clinical significance and neural correlates are largely unknown.
111
Latah: an Indonesian startle syndrome
TL;DR: This study quantifies auditory startle reflexes with electromyographic activity of 6 left‐sided muscles following 104‐dB tones and supports the classification of Latah as a “neuropsychiatric startle syndrome.”
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