From clinical application to cognitive enhancement: The example of methylphenidate
TL;DR: In this review different aspects concerning the use of MPD have been approached, data showing its abuse among college students are given, when the drug is prescribed short term beneficial effects and side effects are provided; moreover studies on animal-models suggesting long lasting negative effects on healthy brains are discussed.
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Abstract: Methylphenidate (MPD) is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant, which belongs to the phenethylamine group and is mainly used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD). However, a growing number of young individuals misuse or abuse MPD to sustain attention, enhance intellectual capacity and increase memory. Recently, the use of MPD as a cognitive enhancement substance has received much attention and raised concerns in the literature and academic circles worldwide. The prescribing frequency of the drug has increased sharply as consequence of the more accurate diagnosis of the ADHD and the popularity of the drug itself due to its beneficial short-term effect. However, careful monitoring is required, because of possible abuse. In this review different aspects concerning the use of MPD have been approached. Data showing its abuse among college students are given, when the drug is prescribed short term beneficial effects and side effects are provided; moreover studies on animal-models suggesting long lasting negative effects on healthy brains are discussed. Finally, emphasis is given to the available formulations and pharmacology.
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Citations
Methylphenidate Enhances Working Memory by Modulating Discrete Frontal and Parietal Lobe Regions in the Human Brain
Mitul A. Mehta,Adrian M. Owen,Barbara J. Sahakian +2 more
- 01 Jan 2002
TL;DR: This paper investigated changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) induced by methylphenidate during performance of a self-ordered spatial working memory task to define the neuroanatomical loci of the beneficial effect of the drug.
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Methylphenidate for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder.
TL;DR: The meta-analysis suggested that high-dose methylphenidate had a significant and clinically relevant benefit on hyperactivity, as rated by teachers and parents and overall ASD, and overall quality of life.
The emerging roles of human trace amines and human trace amine-associated receptors (hTAARs) in central nervous system
Muhammad Zahid Khan,Waqas Nawaz +1 more
TL;DR: Findings are discussed that provide insights into the functional roles of human trace amines (including P-Octopamine, β phenylethylamine, Tryptamine, Tyramine, Synephrine, 3-Iodothyronamine, N-Methyltyramine) in brain and the known functions of human Trace amine receptors in brain.
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How Realistic Are the Scientific Assumptions of the Neuroenhancement Debate? Assessing the Pharmacological Optimism and Neuroenhancement Prevalence Hypotheses.
Stephan Schleim,Boris B. Quednow +1 more
TL;DR: It is concluded that the pharmacological optimism hypothesis and neuroenhancement prevalence hypotheses have to be rejected and it is argued that the neuro enhancement debate should take the available evidence more into account.
Use of cognitive enhancers: methylphenidate and analogs.
TL;DR: Careful monitoring and systematic control of methylphenidate analogs should be undertaken to reduce the uprising threat, and education efforts should be made among high-risk populations.
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References
Psychosis during Methylphenidate Abuse
James Spensley,Don A. Rockwell +1 more
TL;DR: Little attention has been paid to its abuse potential in this country while recommending it for a variety of maladies, but this should change.
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Methylphenidate-induced psychosis in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: report of 3 new cases and review of the literature.
TL;DR: Medication with methylphenidate should be avoided in patients with vulnerability to schizophrenia and in drug addiction, but reported cases without these risk factors demonstrate that a careful and regular psychiatric monitoring is essential in all patients treated withmethylphenidate.
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Fatality Resulting from Methylphenidate Overdose
TL;DR: A case involving an accidental overdose fatality resulting from an intravenous injection of crushed Ritalin (methylphenidate) tablets is presented and the drug was quantified by gas chromatography/nitrogen-phosphorus detection and confirmed by gas Chromatography/mass spectrometry.
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Dose-proportional and stereospecific pharmacokinetics of methylphenidate delivered using an osmotic, controlled-release oral delivery system.
TL;DR: Plasma concentrations of l‐methylphenidate were 40‐fold lower than those of d‐ methylphenidate, whereas plasma concentrations of d-α‐phenyl‐2‐piperidine acetic acid and l‐PPA, the major metabolite of methyl phenidate, were comparable, indicating that methylphenidates metabolism was not affected by increasing dose.
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