Since 2007, the ecosystem of the Gulf of Lions has shifted to a different regime, characterised by a low anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) and sardine (Sardina pilchardus) biomass and a remarkably high sprat (Sprattus sprattus) biomass. Surprisingly, the abundance and recruitment of anchovy and sardine remained high. To understand which processes (bottom-up or top-down control, etc.) could have caused this shift, we studied the changes in body condition, growth and size and age of anchovy, sardine and sprat over 1984–1985 and 1992–2012, using data from scientific surveys. The annual age structure of anchovy and sardine was estimated using Bayesian mixture models based on size frequency data with priors on the age–length relationship derived from independent otolith readings. The results indicated periods during which anchovy and sardine were in an average (1992–2004), good (2005–2007) or poor (2008–2012) overall state of condition. For sardine, the shift towards smaller fish observed during these past 4 years was explained by a combination of slower growth and the disappearance of older individuals (ages 2+). Despite the increase in biomass of sprat since 2008, indications were found that sprat was also smaller than in the past. As growth and condition decreased and overexploitation has not been documented or suspected for those three species in this area, we propose that the current decline in sardine and anchovy biomass could be due to qualitative and/or quantitative modifications in the planktonic production (i.e. a bottom-up control) or mass mortalities of adults due to an epidemic disease.

/pdf/rapid-changes-in-growth-condition-size-and-age-of-small-1sl0h7favv.pdf

Rapid changes in growth, condition, size and age of small pelagic fish in the Mediterranean

RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE
Although functional impairment is common among older adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD), functional reserve before an acute health event and physical resilience after have not been characterized in this population. The purpose of this study was to identify distinct patterns of physical function before and after an acute health event among older Veterans with Stage 4 CKD.


STUDY DESIGN
Prospective cohort study.


SETTING
& Participants: National sample of Veterans ≥70 years of age with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <30 ml/min/1.73 m2 who had an acute care encounter (emergency department visit or hospitalization) during follow-up (n=272).


PREDICTORS
Demographic characteristics, eGFR, basic and instrumental activities of daily living (ADL/IADL) difficulty, symptom burden, cognition, depressive symptoms, social support.


OUTCOMES
Function measured using the life-space mobility assessment obtained by telephone survey before and after an acute care encounter.


ANALYTICAL APPROACH
General growth mixture models to identify classes of functional trajectories. Calculation of percentages for demographic characteristics and means for eGFR, ADL/IADL difficulty, symptom burden, cognition, depressive symptoms, and social support by trajectory class.


RESULTS
Four trajectory classes were identified and characterized by different levels of life-space mobility before (reserve) and change in life-space mobility after (resilience) an acute care encounter: (1) low reserve, low resilience (n=91), (2) high reserve, high resilience (n=23), (3) moderate reserve, moderate resilience (n=89), and (4) high reserve, low resilience (n=69). Mean levels of ADL/IADL difficulty, symptom burden, cognition, and depressive symptoms, but not demographic characteristics, eGFR, or social support, differed by trajectory class.


LIMITATIONS
Veteran cohort was primarily male.


CONCLUSIONS
Among older adults with Stage 4 CKD, physical function trajectories before and after an acute health event vary. Integrating reserve and resilience into care for this population may be useful for anticipating changes in function and developing tailored treatment plans.

Trajectories of Physical Resilience Among Older Veterans With Stage 4 CKD.

Trajectories and predictors of HIV care retention among individuals receiving ART in rural South Africa: a group-based trajectory modelling analysis

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Citations

Rapid changes in growth, condition, size and age of small pelagic fish in the Mediterranean

Trajectories of Physical Resilience Among Older Veterans With Stage 4 CKD.

Trajectories and predictors of HIV care retention among individuals receiving ART in rural South Africa: a group-based trajectory modelling analysis

References

Rapid changes in growth, condition, size and age of small pelagic fish in the Mediterranean

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