Journal Article10.1029/TC007I006P01123
Extensional collapse of orogens
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TL;DR: The extensional collapse of orogens offers a partial explanation for why oceans cyclically close and reopen in roughly the same places, preservation of very high pressure metamorphic rocks, for the return of orogenic large crustal thicknesses to normal without very much erosional denudation.
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Abstract: Lithospheric extension is sited, preferentially, along orogenic belts because they have a thicker continental crust, contain structural inhomogeneities, and suffer extensional orogenic collapse caused by body forces resulting from isostatically compensated elevation and sharp elevation gradients. Collapse occurs especially where rapid advective thinning of the shortened thermal boundary conduction layer occurs beneath an orogen and causes rapid uplift. Where boundary forces are compressional, extension is balanced by radial thrusting to form oroclinal loops around collapsed extensional basins. Where, as in the disruption of Pangea, boundary forces change rapidly from compressional to tensional, body force collapse is continued by general extension which may lead to continental splitting. Even where overall convergence is continuing, orogenic collapse may be enhanced by subduction rollback into small remnant oceans. The extensional collapse of orogens offers a partial explanation for why oceans cyclically close and reopen in roughly the same places, preservation of very high pressure metamorphic rocks, for the return of orogenic large crustal thicknesses to normal without very much erosional denudation with the widespread preservation of supracrustal sequences, high temperature metamorphic assemblages and the minimum-melting granite suite.
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Citations
Did the Variscides collapse or were they torn apart?: A quantitative evaluation of the driving forces for postconvergent extension in central Europe
TL;DR: In this paper, a two-dimensional thermomechanical finite element modeling approach was used to estimate the geometrical and physical properties of the European Variscan orogen and its foreland.
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Late Palaeozoic — Early Mesozoic Plate Reorganization: Evolution and Demise of the Variscan Fold Belt
Peter A. Ziegler
- 01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the closure of the Proto-Tethys Proto-Atlantic Ocean was diachronous along the Variscan-Appalachian fold belt, which can be related to a change in the convergence direction between Gondwana and Laurussia during their terminal Alleghenian suturing phase.
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Geologic constraints on middle-crustal behavior during broadly synorogenic extension in the central East Greenland Caledonides
TL;DR: In this paper, structural and U-Pb data from the Forsblad Fjord area of East Greenland (72°30′N) indicate close spatial and temporal ties between orogen-parallel shear and extensional deformation during Caledonian orogenesis.
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Evidence for contemporaneous yet contrasting styles of granite magmatism during extensional collapse of the northeast Greenland Caledonides
TL;DR: In this article, the Caledonian (Ordovician-Devonian) orogenic belt of northeast Greenland experienced widespread extensional collapse either synchronous with or immediately following continental collision and crustal thickening, and the authors conclude that at midcrustal levels, processes of magma segregation and transport were controlled by low-angle, noncoaxial extensional shear.
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Criteria for defining and recognizing the various orders of sequences in outcrop sequence stratigraphy
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