Exosome-Mediated Crosstalk between Keratinocytes and Macrophages in Cutaneous Wound Healing

Abstract: The use of natural products in cosmetics and pharmacy has risen dramatically in recent years, leading to the overexploitation of flora and fauna worldwide and threatening the environmental sustainability. Microbe-derived components could help to solve the problem due to their independently controllable cultural property. To investigate the potential of microfungi for producing potential novel cosmeceuticals, cerevisterol (1), aloesol (2), 3β,5α,9α-trihydroxyergosta-7,22-diene-6-one (3), and ergosterol peroxide (4) were isolated from the halotolerant fungal strains Penicillium brefeldianum CL6 and Talaromyces sp. S3-Rt-N3. They were then tested for biological properties, including anti-microbial, tyrosinase inhibitory, and wound healing activities. The results revealed the wound-healing potentials of two fungal compounds - (1) and (2) - in terms of cell proliferation promotion in NIH-3T3 murine fibroblasts, and the tyrosinase inhibitory potential of fungal compounds (1), (3), and (4) in the substrates L-tyrosine and L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA). Interestingly, compound (1) exhibited antimicrobial activity against acne-causing bacterium Propionibacterium acnes. These results have revealed new prospects for the application of microorganisms-derived compounds, especially in the cosmetics industry.

TL;DR: A proteomics-based method for characterizing bovine milk-derived microvesicles and exosomes. The method utilizes serial pelleting and mass spectrometry to identify proteins associated with different vesicle populations. The method allows for the determination of relative protein abundances in large and small EVs and provides insights into the origins and functions of these vesicles.

TL;DR: In this article , the payload of extracellular vesicles (EVs) communicating between immune cells and stromal cells in the wound bed, which regulate the rate of wound closure was investigated.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that LC3^+ EVs were superior as biomarkers for the accurate diagnosis of breast cancer compared to traditional biomarkers, particularly for cancer subtype discrimination.

TL;DR: This Review suggests a new grouping of macrophages based on three different homeostatic activities — host defence, wound healing and immune regulation, and proposes that similarly to primary colours, these three basic macrophage populations can blend into various other 'shades' of activation.

TL;DR: A set of standards encompassing three principles-the source of macrophages, definition of the activators, and a consensus collection of markers to describe macrophage activation are described with the goal of unifying experimental standards for diverse experimental scenarios.

TL;DR: Exosomes were described as vesicles of endosomal origin secreted from reticulocytes in the 1980s as discussed by the authors, and their biogenesis, their secretion, and their subsequent fate are discussed, as their functions rely on these important processes.

TL;DR: A novel toolbox for subcellular colocalization analysis under ImageJ is created that integrates current global statistic methods and a novel object‐based approach to assess proteins residing on intracellular structures by fluorescence microscopy.