What is the simplest way to explain the condensate?

Also for simplicity, one could make one of two extreme assumptions about the condensate: 1) reversible thermodynamics, in which all condensate moves with the air, or 2) pseudoadiabatic thermodynamics, in which all condensate is immediately removed from the air by fallout upon formation.

What is the meaning of the term off the line of progress?

Ooyama (1982, p. 371) trenchantly characterized this work as being ‘‘. . . off the line of progress . . .’’ because it severs the link between the outer-flow pressure distribution (which is considered a ‘‘given’’ in the boundary layer calculations) and the thermodynamic transformations that sustain it in real hurricanes.

What is the outline of an analytical theory for the hurricane?

The outline of an analytical theory uniting dynamics and energetics was foreshadowed in Eliassen and Kleinschmidt (1957, 131–132) where it was recognized that an analytical theory for the hurricane must account for mass-wind balance in the primary flow, heat and momentum transfer at the sea surface, and the moist thermodynamics of air in the inup-and-out secondary circulation (see their Fig. 30).

What is the reversible derivation of qy?

This approximation seems to be required for further development of a pseudoadiabatic PI model because qy is not a conserved variable, and hence this term is not easily integrable (which is the next step in the derivation).

Open AccessJournal Article10.1175/2009JAS3038.1

Evaluation of an Analytical Model for the Maximum Intensity of Tropical Cyclones

George H. Bryan, +1 more

- 01 Oct 2009

- Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

- Vol. 66, Iss: 10, pp 3042-3060

182

TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the derivation of E-PI highlights three primary components: a dynamical component (gradient-wind and hydrostatic balance); a thermodynamical component(reversible or pseudoadiabatic thermodynamics, although the pseudoad-i-abatic assumption yields greater intensity); and a planetary boundary layer (PBL) closure (which relates the horizontal gradients of entropy and angular momentum at the top of the PBL to fluxes and stresses at the ocean surface).

Abstract: Several studies have shown that the intensity of numerically simulated tropical cyclones can exceed (by 50%) a theoretical upper limit. To investigate the cause, this study evaluates the underlying components of Emanuel’s commonly cited analytic theory for potential intensity (herein referred to as E-PI). A review of the derivation of E-PI highlights three primary components: a dynamical component (gradient-wind and hydrostatic balance); a thermodynamical component (reversible or pseudoadiabatic thermodynamics, although the pseudoadiabatic assumption yields greater intensity); and a planetary boundary layer (PBL) closure (which relates the horizontal gradients of entropy and angular momentum at the top of the PBL to fluxes and stresses at the ocean surface). These three components are evaluated using output from an axisymmetric numerical model. The present analysis finds the thermodynamical component and the PBL closure to be sufficiently accurate for several different simulations. In contrast, t...

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1. What have the authors contributed in "Evaluation of an analytical model for the maximum intensity of tropical cyclones" ?

To investigate the cause, this study evaluates the underlying components of Emanuel ’ s commonly cited analytic theory for potential intensity ( herein referred to as E-PI ).. To clearly quantify the impact of unbalanced flow, a more complete analytic model is presented.. Conclusions of this study are also compared and contrasted to those from previous studies.. Analysis against observations further confirms that the effects of unbalanced flow on maximum intensity are not always negligible.

2. How do the authors find the boundary layer closure to be accurate?

Using output from an axisymmetric numerical model in which E-PI is much less than simulated intensity, the authors find the thermodynamicalcomponent and the boundary layer closure to be accurate for their simulations.

3. What is the effect of the turbulence parameterization on s and M?

Further analysis of the budgets of s and M along these trajectories (not shown) reveals that s and M are not perfectly conserved, owing primarily to weak diffusion from the turbulence parameterization (particularly from vertical diffusion).

4. What is the effect of a stronger radial turbulence on g?

In the context of (24), stronger radial turbulence must weaken g by reducing the amplitude of both hb and wb, which the authors confirm by inspection of model output (not shown).

FIG. 3. Model output at the top of the boundary layer (z5 1.1 km): y (solid), yg (dashed), and the location of the eyewall (shaded region). E-PI, which is calculated at the location of maximum y, is indicated by a horizontal dotted line for reference.

FIG. 2. Time series of maximum azimuthal velocity (m s21) from the control simulation; ymax is the average value between t5 4–8 days. E-PI is indicated as a horizontal dotted line for reference.

TABLE 1. Estimates of PI1 using the observational analyses of Bell and Montgomery (2008). See text for details.

FIG. 4. Analysis of the trajectory that passes through ymax plotted over (a) s (with contour interval of 10 J kg21 K21) and (b) M (with contour interval of 0.2 3 106 m2 s21). The trajectory is illustrated by the thick line, and the dot denotes the location of ymax. The dashed contours in (b) enclose regions of inertial instability.

FIG. 8. Analysis of gradient-wind balance in the control simulation. Contoured is the sum Upg 1 Uce 1 UCo normalized by the magnitude of Upg, with a contour interval of 0.2. The zero contour is excluded. The trajectory that passes through ymax is illustrated by the thick line, and the dot denotes the location of ymax.

FIG. 9. Analysis of hydrostatic balance in the control simulation. Contoured is the sum Wpg 1WB normalized by the magnitude of Wpg, with a contour interval of 0.2. The zero contour is excluded. The trajectory that passes through ymax is illustrated by the thick line, and the dot denotes the location of ymax.

Citations

Journal Article•10.1002/QJ.2329

On steady-state tropical cyclones

Roger K. Smith, +2 more

- 01 Oct 2014

- Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorolo...

TL;DR: In this article, the physical constraints that must be satisfied to allow for a steady-state tropical cyclone in an isolated environment were examined, paying particular attention to the need to replenish absolute angular momentum at exactly the rate at which it is consumed and to the vanishing of the spin-up function above the frictional boundary layer.

...read moreread less

Journal Article•10.1002/QJ.2057

Sensitivity of Tropical Cyclone Models to the Surface Drag Coefficient in Different Boundary-Layer Schemes

Roger K. Smith, +3 more

- 01 Apr 2014

- Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorolo...

TL;DR: In this paper, the sensitivity of tropical cyclone intensification to the surface drag coefficient in a three-dimensional model by Montgomery et al. is extended to include a wind-speed-dependent drag coefficient and one of four boundary-layer parametrization schemes: the bulk, Blackadar, MRF and Gayno Seaman schemes.

...read moreread less

Impact of the tropopause temperature on the intensity of tropical cyclones

Shuguang Wang

- 03 Apr 2014

•Journal Article•10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00477.1

Future Changes in Structures of Extremely Intense Tropical Cyclones Using a 2-km Mesh Nonhydrostatic Model

Sachie Kanada, +2 more

- 02 Dec 2013

- Journal of Climate

TL;DR: In this paper, a 2-km mesh nonhydrostatic model (NHM2) is used to downscale the 20km mesh atmospheric general circulation model projection forced with a control scenario and a scenario of twenty-first-century climate change.

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Physical Understanding of the Tropical Cyclone Wind-Pressure Relationship

Daniel R. Chavas

- 19 Apr 2018

TL;DR: The authors show that the central pressure is an intensity measure that depends on maximum wind speed and the product of storm size and background rotation rate, which has significant implications for both fundamental understanding and risk analysis.

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...

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References

Journal Article•10.1175/1520-0469(1986)043<0585:AASITF>2.0.CO;2

An Air-Sea Interaction Theory for Tropical Cyclones. Part I: Steady-State Maintenance

Kerry Emanuel

- 15 Mar 1986

- Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore the relative importance of ambient conditional instability and air-sea latent and sensible heat transfer in both the development and maintenance of tropical cyclones using highly idealized models.

...read moreread less

1.9K

Journal Article•10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<3969:SOTCTS>2.0.CO;2

Sensitivity of Tropical Cyclones to Surface Exchange Coefficients and a Revised Steady-State Model incorporating Eye Dynamics

Kerry Emanuel

- 15 Nov 1995

- Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

TL;DR: In this article, the authors present numerical simulations that prove this last prediction false and suggest that the reason for this failure is the neglect of eye dynamics in the steady-state theory.

...read moreread less

875

Journal Article•10.1175/1520-0469(1987)044<0542:AAITFT>2.0.CO;2

An Air–Sea Interaction Theory for Tropical Cyclones. Part II: Evolutionary Study Using a Nonhydrostatic Axisymmetric Numerical Model

Richard Rotunno, +1 more

- 01 Feb 1987

- Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

TL;DR: In this article, an analytical model for a steady-state tropical cyclone is constructed on the assumption that boundary-layer air parcels are conditionally neutral to displacements along the angular momentum surfaces of the hurricane vortex.

...read moreread less

834

Journal Article•10.1175/1520-0469(1988)045<1143:TMIOH>2.0.CO;2

The Maximum Intensity of Hurricanes.

Kerry Emanuel

- 01 Apr 1988

- Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

TL;DR: In this paper, an exact equation governing the maximum possible pressure fall in steady tropical cyclones is developed, accounting for the full effects of gaseous and condensed water on density and thermodynamics.

...read moreread less

736

Journal Article•10.1007/BF01030791

Dissipative heating and hurricane intensity

Marja Bister, +1 more

- 01 Sep 1998

- Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics

TL;DR: This paper showed that the bulk of dissipative heating occurs in the atmospheric boundary layer near the radius of maximum winds and, using both theory and numerical simulation, show that dissipative heat increases maximum wind speeds in tropical cyclones by about 20%.

...read moreread less

683

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Evaluation of an Analytical Model for the Maximum Intensity of Tropical Cyclones

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Most frequently asked questions

1. What have the authors contributed in "Evaluation of an analytical model for the maximum intensity of tropical cyclones" ?

2. How do the authors find the boundary layer closure to be accurate?

3. What is the effect of the turbulence parameterization on s and M?

4. What is the effect of a stronger radial turbulence on g?

5. What is the simplest way to explain the condensate?

6. What is the meaning of the term off the line of progress?

7. What is the outline of an analytical theory for the hurricane?

8. What is the reversible derivation of qy?

Figures

Citations

On steady-state tropical cyclones

Sensitivity of Tropical Cyclone Models to the Surface Drag Coefficient in Different Boundary-Layer Schemes

Impact of the tropopause temperature on the intensity of tropical cyclones

Future Changes in Structures of Extremely Intense Tropical Cyclones Using a 2-km Mesh Nonhydrostatic Model

Physical Understanding of the Tropical Cyclone Wind-Pressure Relationship

References

An Air-Sea Interaction Theory for Tropical Cyclones. Part I: Steady-State Maintenance

Sensitivity of Tropical Cyclones to Surface Exchange Coefficients and a Revised Steady-State Model incorporating Eye Dynamics

An Air–Sea Interaction Theory for Tropical Cyclones. Part II: Evolutionary Study Using a Nonhydrostatic Axisymmetric Numerical Model

The Maximum Intensity of Hurricanes.

Dissipative heating and hurricane intensity

Related Papers (5)

An Air-Sea Interaction Theory for Tropical Cyclones. Part I: Steady-State Maintenance

An Air–Sea Interaction Theory for Tropical Cyclones. Part II: Evolutionary Study Using a Nonhydrostatic Axisymmetric Numerical Model

Sensitivity of Tropical Cyclones to Surface Exchange Coefficients and a Revised Steady-State Model incorporating Eye Dynamics

Dissipative heating and hurricane intensity

Numerical Simulation of the Life Cycle of Tropical Cyclones