Estrogen is a critical determinant that specifies the duration of the window of uterine receptivity for implantation
TL;DR: It is demonstrated here that levels of estrogen within a very narrow range determine the duration of the window of uterine receptivity, and it is suggested that careful regulation of estrogen levels is one of the important factors for improvement of female fertility in IVF/ET programs.
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Abstract: Many underlying causes of human infertility have been overcome by using in vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer (ET) techniques. Nevertheless, implantation rates in IVF programs remain low despite the transfer of apparently healthy embryos. This suggests that there are problems with the differentiation of the uterus to the receptive state in response to the ovarian hormones estrogen and progesterone. The molecular basis of this receptive state when the uterine environment is conducive to blastocyst acceptance and implantation remains poorly understood. Normally, the “window” of uterine receptivity lasts for a limited time. Using ETs and the progesterone-treated delayed-implantation model in mice, we demonstrate here that levels of estrogen within a very narrow range determine the duration of the window of uterine receptivity. Although estrogen at different physiological concentrations can initiate implantation, we find that the window of uterine receptivity remains open for an extended period at lower estrogen levels but rapidly closes at higher levels. The uterine refractoriness that follows the receptive state at high estrogen levels is accompanied by aberrant uterine expression of implantation-related genes. These results suggest that careful regulation of estrogen levels is one of the important factors for improvement of female fertility in IVF/ET programs.
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TL;DR: Analysis of LIF expression in pseudopregnant mice and in females undergoing delayed implantation showed that it is under maternal control and that its expression coincides with blastocyst formation and always precedes implantation.
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Blastocyst's state of activity determines the "window" of implantation in the receptive mouse uterus
TL;DR: A key finding of this investigation is that E2 induces very rapidly, but transiently (1 h), a factor(s) in the P4-primed uterus that activates the dormant blastocysts for implantation in the receptive uterus.
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TL;DR: This review summarizes recognized signaling cascades and new research in mammalian implantation, based primarily on available genetic and molecular evidence from implantation studies in the mouse, to help alleviate infertility, enhance fetal health, and improve contraceptive design.
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Amphiregulin is an implantation-specific and progesterone-regulated gene in the mouse uterus.
TL;DR: The cloned murine amphiregulin gene, a newly discovered member of the epidermal growth factor family, is cloned and demonstrated that its expression is implantation-specific and P4-regulated in the mouse uterus, a first report of a P 4-regulated uterine epithelial cell growth factor that is associated with epithel cell differentiation during implantation.
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