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Estimating Risk and Rate Levels, Ratios, and Differences in Case-Control Studies
Gary King,Langche Zeng +1 more
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TL;DR: Methods that allow valid inferences about all relevant quantities of interest from either type of case-control study when completely ignorant of or only partially knowledgeable about relevant auxiliary population information are developed.
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Abstract: Classic (or "cumulative") case-control sampling designs do not admit inferences about quantities of interest other than risk ratios, and then only by making the rare events assumption. Probabilities, risk differences, and other quantities cannot be computed without knowledge of the population incidence fraction. Similarly, density (or "risk set") case-control sampling designs do not allow inferences about quantities other than the rate ratio. Rates, rate differences, cumulative rates, risks, and other quantities cannot be estimated unless auxiliary information about the underlying cohort such as the number of controls in each full risk set is available. Most scholars who have considered the issue recommend reporting more than just the relative risks and rates, but auxiliary population information needed to do this is not usually available. We address this problem by developing methods that allow valid inferences about all relevant quantities of interest from either type of case-control study when completely ignorant of or only partially knowledgeable about relevant auxiliary population information.
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References
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Bryan Langholz,D Clayton +1 more
TL;DR: A stratified version of nested case-control sampling which is called "countermatching" is presented, and asymptotic relative efficiency calculations indicate that a substantial efficiency gain relative to simple random sampling of controls can be expected in these situations.
81
Methods of inference for estimates of absolute risk derived from population-based case-control studies.
TL;DR: This article presented variance estimates that take into account all components of variability, namely the variance of relative risk estimates and of baseline incidence estimates, as well as the covariance between the two, the latter term being obtained by using implicit delta method arguments.
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In vitro assessment of biodurability: acellular systems.
TL;DR: In vitro acellular systems provide effective test methods of measuring fiber solubility provided care is taken to select the most suitable solvent and test conditions for the specific fiber type and dimension.
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Multivariate estimation of exposure-specific incidence from case-control studies.
TL;DR: Several methods are presented for deriving exposure-specific incidence from case-control data by means of multivariate modelling that overcome the above drawbacks of the conventional approach and allow derivation of joint confidence limits for the exposure- specific incidence estimates which take into account the correlated nature of these estimates.
47
Estimating exposure-specific disease rates from casecontrol studies using bayes' theorem
TL;DR: A method for obtaining approximate confidence limits around the exposure-specific rates is presented and the equivalence of odds ratio to rate ratio requires no "rare disease assumption;" this permits estimation of exposure- specific illness rates when the overall rate is known.
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