Estimating Prevalence Using an Imperfect Test
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a Bayesian method for constructing credible intervals for the prevalence when sensitivity and specificity of the test are unknown and provided R code to implement the method.
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Abstract: The standard estimate of prevalence is the proportion of positive results obtained from the application of a diagnostic test to a random sample of individuals drawn from the population of interest. When the diagnostic test is imperfect, this estimate is biased. We give simple formulae, previously described by Greenland (1996) for correcting the bias and for calculating confidence intervals for the prevalence when the sensitivity and specificity of the test are known. We suggest a Bayesian method for constructing credible intervals for the prevalence when sensitivity and specificity are unknown. We provide R code to implement the method.
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COVID-19 diagnosis -A review of current methods.
TL;DR: The key structural components of the virus were presented to provide the audience with an understanding of the scientific principles behind the testing tools and the methods in the early research state.
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COVID-19 Antibody Seroprevalence in Santa Clara County, California
Eran Bendavid,Bianca Mulaney,Neeraj Sood,Soleil Shah,Emilia Ling,Rebecca Bromley-Dulfano,Cara Lai,Zoe Weissberg,Rodrigo Saavedra,James Tedrow,Dona Tversky,Andrew A. Bogan,Thomas Kupiec,Daniel Eichner,Ribhav Gupta,John P. A. Ioannidis,Jay Bhattacharya +16 more
TL;DR: The population prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in Santa Clara County implies that the infection is much more widespread than indicated by the number of confirmed cases.
Three-quarters attack rate of SARS-CoV-2 in the Brazilian Amazon during a largely unmitigated epidemic.
Lewis F Buss,Carlos A. Prete,Claudia M. M. Abrahim,Alfredo Mendrone,Tassila Salomon,Cesar de Almeida-Neto,Rafael F. O. França,Maria C Belotti,Maria Perpétuo Socorro Sampaio Carvalho,Allyson Guimarães Costa,Myuki A E Crispim,Suzete C. Ferreira,Nelson Abrahim Fraiji,Susie Gurzenda,Charles Whittaker,Leonardo Tadashi Kamaura,Pedro L. Takecian,Pedro S. Peixoto,Marcio K. Oikawa,Anna S. Nishiya,Vanderson Rocha,Nanci A. Salles,Andreza Aruska de Souza Santos,Martirene A da Silva,Brian Custer,Kris V Parag,Manoel Barral-Netto,Moritz U. G. Kraemer,Rafael Henrique Moraes Pereira,Oliver G. Pybus,Michael P. Busch,Marcia C. Castro,Christopher Dye,Vitor H. Nascimento,Nuno R. Faria,Nuno R. Faria,Nuno R. Faria,Ester Cerdeira Sabino +37 more
TL;DR: The spread of COVID-19 in Manaus, Brazil, shows that a largely unmitigated epidemic can infect a high fraction of the population and cause high mortality, and confirms that when poorly controlled, CO VID-19 caninfect a large proportion of the Population, causing high mortality.
Declining prevalence of antibody positivity to SARS-CoV-2: a community study of 365,000 adults
Helen Ward,Helen Ward,Graham S Cooke,Graham S Cooke,Christina Atchison,Christina Atchison,Matthew Whitaker,Joshua Elliott,Maya Moshe,Jonathan Brown,Barney Flower,Barney Flower,Anna Daunt,Anna Daunt,Kylie E. C. Ainslie,Deborah Ashby,Christl A. Donnelly,Christl A. Donnelly,Steven Riley,Ara Darzi,Ara Darzi,Wendy S. Barclay,Paul Elliott +22 more
TL;DR: Evidence of variable waning in antibody positivity over time such that, at the start of the second wave of infection in England, only 4.4% of adults had detectable IgG antibodies using an LFIA, suggests the possibility of decreasing population immunity and increasing risk of reinfection as detectable antibodies decline in the population.
Population antibody responses following COVID-19 vaccination in 212,102 individuals
Helen Marie Ward,Matthew Whitaker,Barnaby Flower,Sonja N Tang,Christina Atchison,Ara Darzi,Christl A. Donnelly,A. Cann,Peter J. Diggle,Deborah Ashby,Steven Riley,Wendy S. Barclay,Paul Elliott,Graham S Cooke +13 more
TL;DR: In this article , the authors analyse data from 212,102 vaccinated individuals within the REACT-2 programme in England, which uses self-administered lateral flow antibody tests in sequential cross-sectional community samples; 71,923 (33.9%) received at least one dose of BNT162b2 vaccine and 139,067 (65.6%) received ChAdOx1.
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