Estimating Internal Wave Energy Fluxes in the Ocean

TL;DR: This work shows that the waves begin as sinusoidal disturbances rather than arising from sharp hydraulic phenomena, and reveals the existence of >200-metre-high breaking internal waves in the region of generation that give rise to turbulence levels >10,000 times that in the open ocean.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated internal tide generation, propagation, and dissipation in Luzon Strait, a system of two quasi-parallel ridges situated between Taiwan and the Philippines.

TL;DR: In this paper, an integrated analysis of turbulence observations from four unique instrument platforms obtained over the Hawaiian Ridge leads to an assessment of the vertical, cross-ridge, and along-ridge structure of turbulence dissipation rate and diffusivity.

TL;DR: In this paper, the long-range propagation of the semidiurnal internal tide northward from the Hawaiian ridge and its susceptibility to parametric subharmonic instability (PSI) at the critical latitude, λc = 28.8°N, were examined in spring 2006 with intensive shipboard and moored observations spanning 25-37°N along a tidal beam.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors consider simplification based on the observation that the parameters governing the degree of anisotropy are small, and propose a simplification approach for the problem of a planetary boundary layer subject to a diurnally varying surface heat flux or surface temperature.

TL;DR: Using the Levitus climatology, the authors showed that 2.1 TW (terawatts) is required to maintain the global abyssal density distribution against 30 Sverdrups of deep water formation.

Abstract: Chapter and section headings: Preface. Acknowledgments. Data Acquisition and Recording. Introduction. Basic sampling requirements. Temperature. Salinity. Depth or pressure. Sea-level measurement. Eulerian currents. Lagrangian current measurements. Wind. Precipitation. Chemical tracers. Transient chemical tracers. Data Processing and Presentation. Introduction. Calibration. Interpolation. Data presentation. Statistical Methods and Error Handling. Introduction. Sample distributions. Probability. Moments and expected values. Common probability density functions. Central limit theorem. Estimation. Confidence intervals. Selecting the sample size. Confidence intervals for altimeter bias estimators. Estimation methods. Linear estimation (regression). Relationship between regression and correlation. Hypothesis testing. Effective degrees of freedom. Editing and despiking techniques: the nature of errors. Interpolation: filling the data gaps. Covariance and the covariance matrix. Bootstrap and jackknife methods. The Spatial Analyses of Data Fields. Traditional block and bulk averaging. Objective analysis. Empirical orthogonal functions. Normal mode analysis. Inverse methods. Time-series Analysis Methods. Basic concepts. Stochastic processes and stationarity. Correlation functions. Fourier analysis. Harmonic analysis. Spectral analysis. Spectral analysis (parametric methods). Cross-spectral analysis. Wavelet analysis. Digital filters. Fractals. Appendices. References. Index. 8 illus., 135 line drawings.

TL;DR: Time-series Analysis Methods and Error Handling: The Spatial Analyses of Data Fields, a meta-analysis of Stochastic processes and stationarity.