Environmentally induced changes in immunological function: acute and chronic effects of inhalation of tobacco smoke and other atmospheric contaminants in man and experimental animals.
Patrick G. Holt,David Keast +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the long-term effects of atmospheric contaminants in general (and cigarette smoke in particular) on immunological control mechanisms that are accepted as playing a vital role in the maintenance of health is presented.
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Abstract: Attention is drawn to the long-term effects of atmospheric contaminants in general (and cigarette smoke in particular) on immunological control mechanisms that are accepted as playing a vital role in the maintenance of health. The review argues that a hostile environment within the respiratory tract created by inhalation of air contaminants compromises local immunological function in the short term, and ultimately depresses systemic immunological function. Whether such a decline in immunological homeostasis is due directly to toxicity, or indirectly to accelerated aging of susceptible elements of the immune system, is speculative. The changes observed in both man and experimental animals exposed for long periods to air contaminants in many respects parallel those associated with normal aging and may represent an acceleration of the process of senescence. Specific biological effects of smoking, air pollution and immune functions in man and animal models are reviewed. The precise mechanism(s) by which air contaminants affect immunological function remains speculative, but the relative resistance of specified-pathogen-free animals to these agents infers a central role for the hosts' normal bacterial flora in the process.
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Citations
Effects of cigarette smoke on the immune system.
TL;DR: There is increasing evidence that smokers have a lower incidence of some inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases and nicotine, one of the main constituents of cigarette smoke, suppresses the immune system but might have therapeutic potential as a neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory agent.
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Tobacco Smoke Induces and Alters Immune Responses in the Lung Triggering Inflammation, Allergy, Asthma and Other Lung Diseases: A Mechanistic Review
TL;DR: It is demonstrated how the imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants resulting from exposure to tobacco smoke leads to oxidative stress, increased mucosal inflammation, and increased expression of inflammatory cytokines (such as interleukin (IL)-8, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor α ([TNF]-α).
522
Immune and inflammatory function in cigarette smokers.
TL;DR: This work defined a discrete pattern of change in animals during the course of tobacco smoke exposure, with the following salient features: systemically, biphasic fluctuations were observed in primary T cell dependent humoral and cellular immune responses, initial enhancement during the first few months of exposure eventually giving way to suppression in chronically exposed animals.
404
Immunomodulatory effects of cigarette smoke
Mohan L. Sopori,Wieslaw Kozak +1 more
TL;DR: Chronic exposure to cigarette smoke or nicotine causes T cell unresponsiveness, which may account for or contribute to the immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties of cigarette smoke/nicotine.
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Smoking and rheumatoid arthritis.
TL;DR: Evidence suggests the response and drug survival in people treated with anti-tumour necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapy is poorer in heavy smokers, and possible immunological mechanisms for this effect are presented in the current paper.
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