Enterococcus faecalis Demonstrates Pathogenicity through Increased Attachment in an Ex Vivo Polymicrobial Pulpal Infection
Wayne Nishio Ayre,G Melling,Camille Cuveillier,Madhan Natarajan,Jessica L Roberts,Lucy Marsh,Christopher D. Lynch,Jean-Yves Maillard,Stephen Paul Denyer,Alastair James Sloan +9 more
TL;DR: The host response to a polymicrobial pulpal infection consisting of Streptococcus anginosus and Enterococcus faecalis, bacteria commonly implicated in dental abscesses and endodontic failure, is investigated using a validated ex vivo rat tooth model, suggesting E. Faecalis pathogenicity in pulpitis is linked to its greater ability to attach to the pulpal vasculature.
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Abstract: This study investigated the host response to a polymicrobial pulpal infection consisting of Streptococcus anginosus and Enterococcus faecalis, bacteria commonly implicated in dental abscesses and endodontic failure, using a validated ex vivo rat tooth model. Tooth slices were inoculated with planktonic cultures of S. anginosus or E. faecalis alone or in coculture at S. anginosus/E. faecalis ratios of 50:50 and 90:10. Attachment was semiquantified by measuring the area covered by fluorescently labeled bacteria. Host response was established by viable histological cell counts, and inflammatory response was measured using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and immunohistochemistry. A significant reduction in cell viability was observed for single and polymicrobial infections, with no significant differences between infection types (∼2,000 cells/mm2 for infected pulps compared to ∼4,000 cells/mm2 for uninfected pulps). E. faecalis demonstrated significantly higher levels of attachment (6.5%) than S. anginosus alone (2.3%) and mixed-species infections (3.4% for 50:50 and 2.3% for 90:10), with a remarkable affinity for the pulpal vasculature. Infections with E. faecalis demonstrated the greatest increase in tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (47.1-fold for E. faecalis, 14.6-fold for S. anginosus, 60.1-fold for 50:50, and 25.0-fold for 90:10) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) expression (54.8-fold for E. faecalis, 8.8-fold for S. anginosus, 54.5-fold for 50:50, and 39.9-fold for 90:10) compared to uninfected samples. Immunohistochemistry confirmed this, with the majority of inflammation localized to the pulpal vasculature and odontoblast regions. Interestingly, E. faecalis supernatant and heat-killed E. faecalis treatments were unable to induce the same inflammatory response, suggesting E. faecalis pathogenicity in pulpitis is linked to its greater ability to attach to the pulpal vasculature.
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Citations
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hide: How Enterococcus faecalis Subverts the Host Immune Response to Cause Infection.
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Madhan Natarajan
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TL;DR: Triclosan’s anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory effect in the treatment of pulpal infection was demonstrated using the SAG model through increased cell viability, reduced area of colonisation and inflammatory marker expression levels form triclosan treatment.
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