Journal Article10.1002/BIES.200800121
Endocrine controls of keratin expression
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TL;DR: Why a better understanding of the endocrine controls of keratin expression is not only required for an improved insight into normal human skin and hair function, but may also open new therapeutic avenues in a wide range of skin andhair diseases is reviewed.
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Abstract: Keratins are a family of intermediate filaments that serve various crucial roles in skin physiology. For mammalian skin to function properly, and to produce epidermal and hair keratins that are optimally adapted for their environment, it is critical that keratin gene and protein expression are stringently controlled. Given that the skin is not only targeted by multiple hormones, but also constitutes a veritable peripheral endocrine organ, it is not surprizing that intracutaneous keratin expression is underlined by tight endocrine controls. These controls encompass thyroid hormones, steroid hormones such as glucocorticoids (GCs), retinoic acid (RA) and vitamin D, and several neuroendocrine mediators. Here, we review why a better understanding of the endocrine controls of keratin expression is not only required for an improved insight into normal human skin and hair function, but may also open new therapeutic avenues in a wide range of skin and hair diseases.
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References
New consensus nomenclature for mammalian keratins
Jürgen Schweizer,Paul Edward Bowden,Pierre A. Coulombe,Lutz Langbein,E. Birgitte Lane,Thomas M. Magin,Lois J. Maltais,M. Bishr Omary,David A.D. Parry,Michael A. Rogers,Mathew W. Wright +10 more
TL;DR: This revised nomenclature accommodates functional genes and pseudogenes, and although designed specifically for the full complement of human keratins, it offers the flexibility needed to incorporate additional keratin proteins from other mammalian species.
Two nuclear signalling pathways for vitamin D
Carsten Carlberg,Igor Bendik,Adrian Wyss,Elke Meier,Laurie J. Sturzenbecker,Joseph F. Grippo,Willi Hunziker +6 more
TL;DR: A second class of response elements, composed of directly repeated pairs of motifs (GGTCCA, AGGTCA, or GGGTGA) spaced by three nucleotides, is synergistically activated by RXR and VDR, but only in the presence of both ligands.
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Intermediate filament proteins and their associated diseases.
TL;DR: This comprehensive review points out that there are more than 100 intermediate filament genes and that mutant intermediate filament proteins cause more than 30 diseases.
492
A keratin cytoskeletal protein regulates protein synthesis and epithelial cell growth
TL;DR: Keratin 17, an intermediate filament protein rapidly induced in wounded stratified epithelia, regulates cell growth through binding to the adaptor protein 14-3-3σ, revealing a new and unexpected role for the intermediate filament cytoskeleton in influencing cell growth and size by regulating protein synthesis.
466
The Catalog of Human Hair Keratins I. EXPRESSION OF THE NINE TYPE I MEMBERS IN THE HAIR FOLLICLE
Lutz Langbein,Michael A. Rogers,Hermelita Winter,Silke Praetzel,Ulrike Beckhaus,Hans-Richard Rackwitz,Jürgen Schweizer +6 more
TL;DR: The human type I hair keratin subfamily comprises nine individual members, which can be subdivided into three groups as mentioned in this paper : group A (hHa1, hHa3-I, hHA3-II, hHHa4), group B (hHHa7, HHa8), and group C (hHA5, hEH6, HEH8).
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