Journal Article10.1037/0033-2909.122.3.250
Embarrassment: its distinct form and appeasement functions.
Dacher Keltner,Brenda N. Buswell +1 more
TL;DR: The evidence indicates that the antecedents, experience, and display of embarrassment, and to a limited extent its autonomic physiology, are distinct from shame, guilt, and amusement and share the dynamic, temporal characteristics of emotion.
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Abstract: The authors address 2 questions about embarrassment. First, Is embarrassment a distinct emotion? The evidence indicates that the antecedents, experience, and display of embarrassment, and to a limited extent its autonomic physiology, are distinct from shame, guilt, and amusement and share the dynamic, temporal characteristics of emotion. Second, What are the theoretical accounts of embarrassment? Three accounts focus on the causes of embarrassment, positioning that it follows the loss of self-esteem, concern for others' evaluations, or absence of scripts to guide interactions. A fourth account focuses on the effects of the remedial actions of embarrassment, which correct preceding transgressions. A fifth account focuses on the functional parallels between embarrassment and nonhuman appeasement. The discussion focuses on unanswered questions about embarrassment.
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References
The Roles of Self-Esteem and Social Interaction in Embarrassment
TL;DR: This experiment investigated the circumstances that lead to embarrassment and tested two theories of embarrassment, one based on social interaction, the other based on self-esteem, which were most consistent with the interaction theory.
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•Journal Article
The development of embarrassment.
TL;DR: It was revealed that roughly one in four preschool children showed embarrassment, and starting with age 5, a majority of children showed embarrassedness, with no systematic gender differences.
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