Efficient separations and processing crosscutting program: Develop and test sorbents

TL;DR: In this article, the processes used at the Fukushima Daiichi plant, Japan, to purify the waste effluents generated in the cooling of damaged reactors were described, including primary cesium removal with...

TL;DR: In this paper, the performance of a proposed backup ion-exchange column using IONSIV IE-911 (CST in its engineered-form) material for the removal of cesium from Hanford high level radioactive alkaline waste is discussed.

TL;DR: In this article, the historical uses of ion exchange for the removal of cesium from defense-related nuclear waste streams is reviewed and key attributes of the ion exchange process are discussed.

TL;DR: In this article, a proposed facility is being designed for the immobilization of Hanford underground storage tank radioactive waste, where the waste is pretreated to split it into Low Activity Waste (LAW) and High Level Waste (HLW) streams for separate vitrification.

TL;DR: Schwertmannite as mentioned in this paper is a new oxyhydroxysulphate of iron from the Pyh~isalmi sulphide mine, Province of Oulu, Finland, which is a poorly crystalline, yellowish brown mineral with a fibrous morphology under the electron microscope.

Abstract: Hollandite cryptomelane, coronadite and alpha-MnO 2 form an isostructural series of the general formula A 2-y B 8-z X 16 , A being large ions such as Ba 2+ , Pb 2+ , and K + , B small and medium-sized ions such as Mn 4+ , Fe 3+ , Mn 2+ , and X in the cases investigated O 2- and OH - ions. The unit cell, which contains one formula unit, is tetragonal or pseudotetragonal, in the latter case monoclinic. Approximate dimensions of the tetragonal unit cell are a=9.8 and c=2. 86 A. When deformed the short axis will be the b axis of the monoclinic cell. The deviation of beta from 90° is 0.5-1.5°, and the difference a-c is 0. 1-0.2 A. The space group of the tetragonal cell is C 4h 5 -I4/m and the atomic positions are (0, 0, 0; 1/2, 1/2, 1/2) + (2-y A in 2 (b): 0, 0, 1/2); (8-z B in 8 (h): x 1 , y 1 , 0; y 1 , x 1 , 0; y 2 , x 2 , 0); (8 X in 8 (h): x 2 , y 2 , 0; etc.); (8 X in 8 (h): x 3 , y 3 , 0, etc.). For a hollandite specimen the parameters were calculated to be x 1 =0.348, x 2 =0.153, x 3 =0.542, y 1 =0.167, y 2 =0.180, y 3 =0.167. The A ion is surrounded by eight oxygen ions at a distance of 2. 74 A forming a cube and at a greater distance (3.31 A) by four oxygen ions forming a square at the same z level as the A ion. The B ion is surrounded by six oxygen ions forming a octahedron, and with a mean distance of B-O=1.98 A. In the cases investigated, the variable y in the general formula varies from 0.8 and 1.3 and z from 0.1 to 0.5.

TL;DR: High-resolution transmission electron microscopy reveals that terrestrial todorokites consist of tunnel structures of previously unreported dimensions and that these tunnel structures are intergrown coherently on a unit cell scale.

TL;DR: In this article, four mathematical models (first-order rate, parabolic diffusion, power function, and Elovich) were used to describe cumulative K release from the coarse medium and fine silt and the coarse and medium-fine clay fractions of six Great Plain soils.