Journal Article10.1038/s41598-025-20125-3
Effects of manure application on paddy soil phosphorus in China based on a meta-analysis
Shuangfeng Liu,Chaoyang Liang,Jintian Zhang,Siying Chen,Jian Cheng,Ming-Hui Chang,Jinling Xu,Shuangfeng Liu,Chaoyang Liang,Jintian Zhang,Siying Chen,Jian Cheng,Ming-Hui Chang,Jinling Xu +13 more
TL;DR: A meta-analysis of 1,799 datasets found manure application increased paddy soil phosphorus by 46-134%, with pig manure being most effective, and recommended applying 2-6 t ha^-1 yr^-1 in southern China to enhance soil P utilization and reduce P runoff loss.
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Abstract: Limited phosphorus (P) availability in paddy soil significantly constrains rice growth, which can be enhanced by manure amendments. Although the effects of manure on paddy soil P fractions and availability have been extensively studied, different studies have yielded inconsistent results. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis of 1,799 published experimental datasets from 58 references. The results demonstrated that manure application increased the total, available, and microbial biomass P (MBP) by 46%, 134%, and 78%, respectively. The enhancing effect of manure on different P fractions followed the order of labile-P (221%) > moderately labile-P (145%) > stable-P (53%). Manure also significantly enhanced the activity of soil phosphatase, particularly that of alkaline phosphatase, by improving soil properties and enhancing microbial activities. In terms of manure types, pig manure could more significantly enhance the soil P availability and labile-P. Soil available potassium (AK), soil total nitrogen (TN), and mean annual temperature (MAT) were significant factors influencing soil P availability. Compared with non-fertilization treatments, manure amendments also significantly increased TP loss. Under application rates of 2–6 t ha− 1 yr− 1, the runoff loss of TP (101%, 95% CI: 45 to 158%) was minimized. Overall, this study recommends applying pig manure at a rate of 2–6 t ha− 1 yr− 1 in southern China’s paddy soils to enhance soil P utilization efficiency and reduce P runoff loss. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing fertilizer application strategies to enhance soil P utilization and promote sustainable agricultural development. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-20125-3.
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Figures
Fig. 5. Relative importance of factors influencing the effects of manure application on AP (a) and phosphatase activity (b) in soil. Abbreviations: MSE: mean square error estimated by random forest model. Significance level: *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01. 
Fig. 1. Effects of manure application on soil P portfolio (a), P fractions (b), and enzyme activities (c). The colored square represents the effect size, while the error bars on either side indicate the 95% CI of the effect size. When the 95% CI overlaps with the dot line, it indicates a neutral effect. Conversely, a positive effect is indicated by values entirely to the right of the dot line, while a negative effect is indicated by values entirely to the left of the dot line. The numbers next to the error bars indicate the amount of data included in the analysis. Abbreviations: PAC, P activation coefficient. 
Fig. 2. Effects of manure properties (a), soil properties (b), and experimental conditions (c) on soil AP under manure application. The colored square represents the effect size, while the error bars on either side indicate the 95% CI of the effect size. When the 95% CI overlaps with the dot line, it indicates a neutral effect. Conversely, a positive effect is indicated by values entirely to the right of the dot line, while a negative effect is indicated by values entirely to the left of the dot line. The numbers in parentheses represent the sample size.
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