Early fragment formation in heavy ion collisions
TL;DR: It is seen that in central collisions the fragments can already be identified when the density is still close to normal nuclear matter density and hence the fragment nucleons never pass through a density sufficiently low to allow for a liquid gas phase transition.
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Abstract: The fragmentation pattern of central multifragmentation events observed in the collision of heavy systems can be recognized at a time when the system is still dense and the particles are still interacting with each other. This is the result obtained by applying simulated annealing algorithms to molecular dynamics simulations. We employ this algorithm to central and peripheral reactions of heavy nuclei simulated by the quantum molecular dynamics model (QMD). We see that in central collisions the fragments can already be identified when the density is still close to normal nuclear matter density and hence the fragment nucleons never pass through a density sufficiently low to allow for a liquid gas phase transition. In peripheral reactions, however, we observe that shortly after the nuclei have passed each other a division of the spectator matter into several medium-size clusters would yield the highest binding energy. However, the spectator matter does not break into these clusters but approaches thermal equilibrium.
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Parton-hadron-quantum-molecular dynamics: A novel microscopic n -body transport approach for heavy-ion collisions, dynamical cluster formation, and hypernuclei production
Jörg Aichelin,Jörg Aichelin,Elena Bratkovskaya,A. Le Fèvre,V. Kireyeu,V. Kolesnikov,Yvonne Leifels,V. Voronyuk,Gabriele Coci +8 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the Parton-Hadron-Quantum-Molecular Dynamics (QMD) model is used for the description of particle production and cluster formation in heavy-ion reactions at relativistic energies.
102
Transport model comparison studies of intermediate-energy HI collisions
H. H. Wolter,Maria Colonna,Dan Cozma,Pawel Danielewicz,Che Ming Ko,Rohit Kumar,Akira Ono,M. B. Tsang,Jun Xu,Yingxue Zhang,Elena Bratkovskaya,Zhao-Qing Feng,Theodoros Gaitanos,A. Le Fèvre,N. Ikeno,Youngman Kim,S. Mallik,P. Napolitani,Dmytro Oliinychenko,Tatsuhiko Ogawa,M. Papa,Jun Su,Rui Wang,Yongjia Wang,Janus Weil,Feng-Shou Zhang,Guo-Qiang Zhang,Zhenyu Zhang,J. Aichelin,Wolfgang Cassing,Lie‐Wen Chen,Huimin Cheng,Hannah Elfner,Kai Gallmeister,Ch. Hartnack,Shintaro Hashimoto,Sangyong Jeon,Kyung Kiu Kim,Myungkuk Kim,Bao-An Li,Chang-Hwan Lee,Qingfeng Li,Zhuxia Li,Ulrich Mosel,Yasushi Nara,Koji Niita,Akira Ohnishi,Tatsuhiko Sato,Taesoo Song,Agnieszka Sorensen,Ning Wang,Wen-Jie Xie University of Munich,INFN-LNS,Laboratori Nazionali del Sud,Catania,IFIN-HH Magurele--Bucharest,Facility for Rare Isotope Beams,M. University,Astronomy,C. Institute,Tamu,College Station,T. University,Shanghai Advanced Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Sciences,S. I. O. A. Physics,D. Physics,China China Institute of Atomic Energy,Beijing,G. Physics,Technology,Guilin,Gsi Helmholtzzentrum fur Schwerionenforschung,Darmstadt,Institute for Particle Physics,Goethe University,Frankfurt,S. O. Physics,Optoelectronics,South China University of Technology,Guangzhou,Aristotle University of Thessaloniki,Department of Life,Environmental Sciences,Tottori University,Rare Isotope Science Project,Institute for Computational Science,Daejeon,P. Group,Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre,Kolkata,U. Paris-Saclay,CNRS-IN2P3,Orsay,Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies,Division of Environment,Radiation Sciences,Japan Atomic Energy Agency,Tokai,Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering,S. University,Zhuhai,Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics,Ion-beam Application,I. Physics,Fudan University,Shanghai,School of Materials Science,Huzhou University,J. W. G. University,Key Laboratory of Beam Technology of Ministry of Education,College of Materials Science,Beijing Normal University,Institute of Technology,Beijing Academy of Science,Subatech,Imt Atlantique,In2p3-CNRS-Universite de Nantes-Ecole des Mines de Nantes,I. Physik,U. Giessen,S. L. F. P. Physics,Cosmology,Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics,S. University,Research Group for Radiation Protection,M. University,Montréal,Ulsan National Institute of Science,Commerce,Pusan National University,Busan,Lanzhou,Akita International University,Akita,R. I. F. Science,Y. I. F. T. Physics,Kyoto University,Universityof California,Los Angeles,L. Laboratory,Berkeley,G. University +141 more
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96
Nonequilibrium dynamics in heavy-ion collisions at low energies available at the GSI Schwerionen Synchrotron
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used the updated ultrarelativistic quantum molecular dynamics (UrQMD) model, a microscopic transport model, to study the directed and elliptic collective flows and the nuclear stopping in Au$+$Au collisions at incident energies covered by INDRA and lower-energy FOPI experiments.
92
Study of fragmentation using clusterization algorithm with realistic binding energies
TL;DR: In this paper, a modified Bethe-Weizsacker mass (BWM) formula was used to calculate the binding energy of different clusters using a modified BWM formula.
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Directed flow in Au+Au, Xe+CsI, and Ni+Ni collisions and the nuclear equation of state
Anton Andronic,W. Reisdorf,N. Herrmann,P. Crochet,J. P. Alard,Valerie Ramillien Barret,Z. Basrak,Nicole Bastid,G. Berek,R. Čaplar,A. Devismes,Pascal Dupieux,M. Dželalija,Ch. Finck,Z. Fodor,A. Gobbi,Y. Grishkin,O. N. Hartmann,K. D. Hildenbrand,Byung-Sik Hong,J. Kecskemeti,Yongsun Kim,M. Kirejczyk,P. Koczon,M. Korolija,R. Kotte,T. Kress,Alexandre Lebedev,Y. Leifels,Xavier Bernard Lopez,M. Merschmeyer,W. Neubert,D. Pelte,Mihai Petrovici,Fouad Rami,B. de Schauenburg,A. Schüttauf,Z. Seres,B. Sikora,K. S. Sim,V. Simion,K. Siwek-Wilczyńska,V. T. Smolyankin,M. R. Stockmeier,Gabriel Stoicea,Z. Tyminski,P. Wagner,K. Wiśniewski,D. Wohlfarth,I. E. Yushmanov,A. Zhilin +50 more
TL;DR: In this article, the centrality and system dependence of integral and differential directed flow for particles selected according to charge were studied in collisions of Au+Au, Xe+CsI and Ni+Ni at incident energies from 90 to 400A MeV.
75
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