Dopamine as a prolactin (PRL) inhibitor.
Nira Ben-Jonathan,Robert Hnasko +1 more
TL;DR: PRL homeostasis should be viewed in the context of a fine balance between the action of dopamine as an inhibitor and the many hypothalamic, systemic, and local factors acting as stimulators, none of which has yet emerged as a primary PRL releasing factor.
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Abstract: Dopamine is a small and relatively simple molecule that fulfills diverse functions. Within the brain, it acts as a classical neurotransmitter whose attenuation or overactivity can result in disorders such as Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia. Major advances in the cloning and characterization of biosynthetic enzymes, transporters, and receptors have increased our knowledge regarding the metabolism, release, reuptake, and mechanism of action of dopamine. Dopamine reaches the pituitary via hypophysial portal blood from several hypothalamic nerve tracts that are regulated by PRL itself, estrogens, and several neuropeptides and neurotransmitters. Dopamine binds to type-2 dopamine receptors that are functionally linked to membrane channels and G proteins and suppresses the high intrinsic secretory activity of the pituitary lactotrophs. In addition to inhibiting PRL release by controlling calcium fluxes, dopamine activates several interacting intracellular signaling pathways and suppresses PRL gene expression and lactotroph proliferation. Thus, PRL homeostasis should be viewed in the context of a fine balance between the action of dopamine as an inhibitor and the many hypothalamic, systemic, and local factors acting as stimulators, none of which has yet emerged as a primary PRL releasing factor. The generation of transgenic animals with overexpressed or mutated genes expanded our understanding of dopamine-PRL interactions and the physiological consequences of their perturbations. PRL release in humans, which differs in many respects from that in laboratory animals, is affected by several drugs used in clinical practice. Hyperprolactinemia is a major neuroendocrine-related cause of reproductive disturbances in both men and women. The treatment of hyperprolactinemia has greatly benefited from the generation of progressively more effective and selective dopaminergic drugs. (Endocrine Reviews 22: 724–763, 2001)
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The role of dopamine in the pathophysiology of depression.
TL;DR: Several studies support the hypothesis that major depression is associated with a state of reduced DA transmission, possibly reflected bycompensatory up-regulation of D2receptors, and further research on the contribution of DA to the pathophysiology of depression is justified to improve outcomes for patients with treatment-resistant and nonremitting depression.
Physical Health Monitoring of Patients With Schizophrenia
Stephen R. Marder,Susan M. Essock,Alexander L. Miller,Robert W. Buchanan,Daniel E. Casey,John M. Davis,John M. Kane,Jeffrey A. Lieberman,Nina R. Schooler,Nancy H. Covell,Scott Stroup,Ellen M. Weissman,Donna A. Wirshing,Catherine S. Hall,Leonard M. Pogach,Xavier Pi-Sunyer,J. Thomas Bigger,Alan W. Friedman,David L. Kleinberg,Steven J. Yevich,Bonnie M. Davis,Steven S. Shon +21 more
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Prolactin (PRL) receptors are colocalized in dopaminergic neurons in fetal hypothalamic cell cultures: effect of PRL on tyrosine hydroxylase activity.
Lydia A. Arbogast,James L. Voogt +1 more
TL;DR: The data indicate that a factor present in FBS imparts PRL responsiveness to hypothalamic dopaminergic neurons in vitro, and the effective PRL concentrations and the time course for PRL's action in vitro are within the physiological range in vivo.
D2 dopamine-receptor-mediated inhibition of proliferation of rat lactotropes in culture is accompanied by changes in cell shape.
TL;DR: The results suggest that the in vitro experimental system established in the present study is a good model for studying the mechanism of the antiproliferative action of dopamine and D2-receptor-mediated inhibition of proliferation of lactotropes in serum-free culture is closely related to changes in actin organization and cell shape.
Ovarian steroids influence the activity of neuroendocrine dopaminergic neurons
TL;DR: A major role is suggested for ovarian steroids in controlling increases in the secretion of PRL by not only stimulating PRL release from lactotrophs, but also by inhibiting the activity of all three populations of hypothalamic neuroendocrine DAergic neurons.
Serotonergic regulation of renin and prolactin secretion.
TL;DR: Comparisons of the serotonergic regulation of prolactin and renin secretion indicates similarities that might shed light on common brain mechanisms that regulate neuroendocrine function that could increase the understanding of cardiovascular disorders associated with alteredSerotonergic function.
D2 Dopaminergic Receptors: Normal and Abnormal Transduction Mechanisms
TL;DR: Resistance to bromocriptine therapy appears to involve multiple changes at the different levels of the multiple mechanisms of action of dopamine on lactotroph cells.