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Stress, appraisal, and coping: R.S. Lazarus and S. Folkman: Springer, New York (1984). 445 pages. $31.95.

Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values

The greater power of bad events over good ones is found in everyday events, major life events (e.g., trauma), close relationship outcomes, social network patterns, interpersonal interactions, and learning processes. Bad emotions, bad parents, and bad feedback have more impact than good ones, and bad information is processed more thoroughly than good. The self is more motivated to avoid bad self-definitions than to pursue good ones. Bad impressions and bad stereotypes are quicker to form and more resistant to disconfirmation than good ones. Various explanations such as diagnosticity and salience help explain some findings, but the greater power of bad events is still found when such variables are controlled. Hardly any exceptions (indicating greater power of good) can be found. Taken together, these findings suggest that bad is stronger than good, as a general principle across a broad range of psychological phenomena.

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Bad is Stronger than Good

This article describes briefly the Hofstede model of six dimensions of national cultures: Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance, Individualism/Collectivism, Masculinity/Femininity, Long/ Short Term Orientation, and Indulgence/Restraint. It shows the conceptual and research efforts that preceded it and led up to it, and once it had become a paradigm for comparing cultures, research efforts that followed and built on it. The article stresses that dimensions depend on the level of aggregation; it describes the six entirely different dimensions found in the Hofstede et al. (2010) research into organizational cultures. It warns against confusion with value differences at the individual level. It concludes with a look ahead in what the study of dimensions of national cultures and the position of countries on them may still bring. Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. This article is available in Online Readings in Psychology and Culture: http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/vol2/iss1/8

https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1014&context=orpc

Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context

Bad is stronger than good

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References

Stress, appraisal, and coping: R.S. Lazarus and S. Folkman: Springer, New York (1984). 445 pages. $31.95.

Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values

Bad is Stronger than Good

Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context

Bad is stronger than good

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