This paper examines the theoretical and practical role of testing in software development. We prove a fundamental theorem showing that properly structured tests are capable of demonstrating the absence of errors in a program. The theorem's proof hinges on our definition of test reliability and validity, but its practical utility hinges on being able to show when a test is actually reliable. We explain what makes tests unreliable (for example, we show by example why testing all program statements, predicates, or paths is not usually sufficient to insure test reliability), and we outline a possible approach to developing reliable tests. We also show how the analysis required to define reliable tests can help in checking a program's design and specifications as well as in preventing and detecting implementation errors.

Toward a theory of test data selection

The language in which programs are written can have a substantial effect on their reliability. This paper discusses the design of programming languages to enhance reliability. It presents several general design principles, and then applies them to particular languages constructs. Since the validity of such design principles cannot be logically proved, empirical evidence is needed to support or discredit them. A major experiment to measure the effect of nine specific language-design decisions in one context has been performed. Analysis of the frequency and persistence of errors shows that several decisions had a significant impact on reliability.

Language design for programming reliability

The language in which programs are written can have a substantial effect on their reliability. This paper discusses the design of programming languages to enhance reliability. It presents several general design principles, and then applies them to particular language constructs. Since we can not logically prove the validity of such design principles, empirical evidence is needed to support or discredit them. Gannon has performed a major experiment to measure the effect of nine specific language design decisions in one context. Analysis of the frequency and persistence of errors shows that several decisions had a significant impact on reliability.

The impact of language design on the production of reliable software

This study explores the role and nature of purchasing and supplier relationship management in the specific, complex industry setting. The purpose is to develop concepts to describe, conceptualise and analyse the emerging software component market from the point of view of the industrial buyer. The theoretical discussion on the market is concluded with a framework consisting of two parts; one describing the main elements of the market from the buyer's perspective and another describing the dynamism of the market. The theoretical framework suggests that the elements of the market from the buyer company's perspective are (1) the own needs, (2) the industry demand, (3) the object of exchange, (4) the exchange mechanism, (5) the exchange counterpart and (6) the industry supply. In the dynamic part of the framework, the development of the software component market, i.e. the progression of the market process is understood through change of heterogeneity of supply and demand. The empirical part of the study includes an embedded single-case study where a buyer perceived COTS software component market is analysed. First, the elements of the case market are studied and variables describing these elements are identified. Following this, the dynamic part of the framework is used as basis for identifying alternative types of markets for the development of the COTS software component market. This is resulted in a typology of four market types from the purchasing perspective; (1) Co-operation projects, (2) Ideal market, (3) Competitive supply management and (4) Horizontal competition. It is argued that all these represent a different type of situation from the industrial purchasing perspective. Finally, it is suggested how the different elements of the market process represent themselves and how they can be used in managing purchasing and influencing the markets in each of these possible market types.

/pdf/purchasing-software-components-at-the-dawn-of-market-2yvk0tjtxc.pdf

Purchasing software components at the dawn of market

The emphasis of this course has been on the process of translation from high-levei to low-level languages: man-machine communication. It is all too easy to neglect the importance of communication in the other direction, but without effective machine-man communication, compilers are useless. Furthermore, if we are to be truly masters of our machines, we must insist that both parts of this dialogue be conducted in languages acceptable to us.

What the Compiler Should Tell the User

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Toward a theory of test data selection

Language design for programming reliability

The impact of language design on the production of reliable software

Purchasing software components at the dawn of market

What the Compiler Should Tell the User

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