1. What is the purpose of prior achievement in residualised change models?
Prior achievement is included in residualised change models to create “quasi-gain” models (Schochet & Chiang, 2010) to allow an estimate of the effects of other predictor variables whilst controlling for the effect of prior achievement (Castro-Schilo & Grimm, 2018).
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2. What is the main limitation of latent modeling?
A limitation of the use of latent modeling to address measurement error in SESvariables is that single-factor models require three indicators to be identified (Bollen, 1989, p. 244).
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3. What is the effect of the level-2 variables?
Simulation research by Pokropek (2015) demonstrated that increases in the unreliability of level-1 variables inflate the effect sizes of level-2 variables that are aggregates of level-1 variables.
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4. What is the effect of the year 7 tests on academic achievement?
Over 90% of the time period between the Year 5 and Year 7 assessments is primary schooling, thus the Year 7 tests are largely a measure of primary school learning (Lu & Rickard, 2014).
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