Having quickly described new historiographical approaches to scientific instruments, this paper explores some characteristics of the evolution of the relationship between scientific instrument makers and French physicists in the 19th century. Artisans without a scientific culture at the dawn of the century, a certain number of instrument makers were integrated into the scientific community by its end, sharing their practices and their values. These builders served as mediators between different physicists, between physicists and members of other disciplines like physiology and, finally, between savants and the world of technology (telegraphy and then industrial electricity). Symmetrically, a significant number of French physicists left mathematical physics for a physics based on instruments and their development. The emergence, extension, and eventual disappearance of the different contexts of use of an instrument (amateurs, public performances, teaching, research, medicine, telegraphy, industry,...

/pdf/electrical-instruments-in-19th-century-france-between-makers-1qz6d13c3u.pdf

Electrical instruments in 19th century France, between makers and users

Research on thermal “black-body” radiation played an essential role in the origin of the quantum theory at the beginning of the twentieth century. This is a well-known fact, but historians of science up to now have not generally recognized that studies of radiant heat were also important in an earlier episode in the development of modern physics: the transition from caloric theory to thermodynamics. During the period 1830–50, many physicists were led by these studies to accept a “wave theory of heat”, although this theory subsequently faded into obscurity.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0007087400010906

The Wave Theory of Heat: A Forgotten Stage in the Transition from the Caloric Theory to Thermodynamics

Francois Duchesneau’s paper gives us a picture of the way Leibniz’s theories of machines of nature, monads, and organic bodies came to influence naturalists in the early eighteenth century A key figure in this transition was Louis Bourguet, a correspondent of Leibniz and Swiss natural philosopher who recast Antonio Vallisneri’s views on preformation and generation in Leibnizian mould In his Lettres philosophiques (1729), Bourguet developed a systematic conception of what he termed the “organic mechanism of plants and animals” to differentiate it from formative processes taking place in the inorganic world, such as crystallizations His elaborate analyses of the generative processes that characterize plants and animals influenced later theorists, such as Buffon and Bonnet

Louis Bourguet and the Model of Organic Bodies

In French mechanical treatises of the nineteenth century, Newton’s second law of motion was frequently derived from a relativity principle. The origin of this trend is found in ingenious arguments by Huygens and Laplace, with intermediate contributions by Euler and d’Alembert. The derivations initially relied on Galilean relativity and impulsive forces. After Belanger’s Cours de mecanique of 1847, they employed continuous forces and a stronger relativity with respect to any commonly impressed motion. The name “principle of relative motions” and the very idea of using this principle as a constructive tool were born in this context. The consequences of Poincare’s and Einstein’s awareness of this approach are analyzed. Lastly, the legitimacy and significance of a relativity-based derivation of Newton’s second law are briefly discussed in a more philosophical vein.

Deducing Newton’s second law from relativity principles: A forgotten history

Recent enigmas of astrophysics such as dark energy or accelerating universe need to update General Relativity. A thorough examination of the original Einstein Field Equations (EFE) hghlights three inconsistencies concerning the nature of spacetime. Here we solve these inconsistencies. As a consequence, this article proposes a Higgs compatible 4D expression of mass, m=f(x,y,z,t), and a new explanation of gravity based on Le Sage Push Gravity. This paper is interesting and important because it touches the weakest nerve of General Relativity by asking “how mass curves spacetime”? Moreover, this article is supported by several mathematics demonstrations such as a new version of the Newton Law, a new version of the Schwarzschild Metric, and a 4D rewriting of the Energy-Momentum Tensor and Einstein Constant.

/pdf/new-version-of-general-relativity-that-unifies-mass-and-4k3h8kcjq3.pdf

New Version of General Relativity that Unifies Mass and Gravity n a Common 4D Higgs Compatible Theory

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Electrical instruments in 19th century France, between makers and users

The Wave Theory of Heat: A Forgotten Stage in the Transition from the Caloric Theory to Thermodynamics

Louis Bourguet and the Model of Organic Bodies

Deducing Newton’s second law from relativity principles: A forgotten history

New Version of General Relativity that Unifies Mass and Gravity n a Common 4D Higgs Compatible Theory